Superfamily FORMICOIDEA 1425 



under stones, or in hollow twigs or branches. 



Many subgeneric groupings have been proposed for Camponotus on a worldwide basis, many 

 of which may or may not be valid or may eventually represent distinct genera. Brown (1973) 

 gave 54 genus-group names to be considered with Camponotiis. Seven subgenera have been 

 recognized in North America, and these are separated here as in the past literature. 



Revision: Emery, 1893. Zool. Jahrb., Abt. f. System. 7: 667-682. —Wheeler, 1910. N. Y. Acad. 

 Sci., Ann. 20: 295-354. 



Taxonomy: Emery, 1920. Rev. Zool. Afr. 8: 16-19 (subgenera). —Wheeler, 1921. Psyche 28: 

 17. —Wheeler and Wheeler, 1953. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 46: 181 (larvae). —Wheeler and 

 Wheeler, 1968. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 61: 216 (larvae). —Wheeler and Wheeler 1970. Ent. 

 Soc. Amer., Ann. 63: 649 (larvae). — Brown, 1973. In Meggers, et al., Tropical forest 

 ecosystems in Afr. and S. Amer., pp. 178-185 (genus-group names). 



Biology: Smith, 1942. Ent. News 53: 133-135 (effect of reduced food supply on stature). 

 —Smith, 1942. Tenn. Acad. Sci., Jour. 17: 367-373 (polymorphism). — Riordan, 1960. 

 Insectes Sociaux 7: 353-355 (location of nests by a radioactive isotope). — Sanders, 1964. 

 Canad. Ent. 96: 894-909 (biol. of carpenter ants in N. B.). —Patrick, 1969. Amer. Midland 

 Nat. 82: 605-610 (changes in carpenter ants harboring dicrocoeliid metacercariae). 

 — Sanders and Baldwin, 1969. Canad. Ent. 101: 416-418 (Iridiiun-192 as a tag for carpenter 

 ants). — Sanders, 1970. Ecology 51: 865-873 (distribution of carpenter ant colonies in 

 spruce fir forests in Ont.). — Ayre and Blum, 1971. Physiological Zool. 44: 77-83 (attraction 

 and alarm). —Sanders, 1972. Canad. Ent. 104: 1681-1687 (seasonal and daily activity 

 patterns in n.w. Ont.). —Sanders, 1973. Ent. Soc. Ontario, Proc. 102: 13-16 (aggregation of 

 alate carpenter ants in Ont.). 



Genus CAMPONOTUS Subgenus CAMPONOTUS Mayr 



Camponottts Mayr, 1861. Die Europaischen Formiciden, pp. 25, 35. 



Type-species: Formica ligniperda Latreille. Desig. by Bingham, 1903. 



Most species of this subgenus build their nests in decaying wood. Some are common house in- 

 festing ants that make their nest in the timber and woodwork of buildings and tunnel nest 

 passages into adjacent wood. Dry, sound wood is rarely attacked, and the presence of nests of 

 carpenter ants in buildings is usually evidence that the wood was damp and partially decayed. 



americanus Mayr. Ont. s. to Fla. w. to Mich., Iowa, Mo., Okla., Tex. Ecology: Prefers to nest in 

 the soil, usually under stones or rotten logs. 

 CaTnponottts amencamis Mayr, 1862. Zool.-Bot. (Jesell. Wien, Verh. 12: 661. 5,9. 

 Camponotus (Cam,ponotus) castaneus stirps rufinasis Santschi, 1936. Rev. d. Ent. 6: 204. 



5. 



Taxonomy: Wheeler, 1910. N. Y. Acad. Sci., Ann. 20: 299, 323-325 (each caste). —Cole, 1940. 

 Amer. Midland Nat. 24: 82, 84 (also biol. notes). —Gregg, 1944. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 37: 

 477. —Wheeler and Wheeler, 1953. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 46: 185 Garva). —Wheeler and 

 Wheeler, 1958. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 61: 216 Oarva). 



Biology: Dennis, 1938. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 31: 273, 275, 300-301. 



Morphology: Ayre and Blum, 1971. Physiological Zool. 44: 77-83 (attraction and alarm by 

 pheromones). 

 ferrugineus (Fabricius). Mass., N. Y. s. to Ga. w. to Mich., III., Nebr., Kans. Ecology: Nests are 

 located in and beneath well-rotted logs and stumps with galleries often extending into 

 the soil. They have also been found in dead standing trees and occasionally in moist or 

 faulty wood in buildings. Red carpenter ant. 

 Formica ferruginea Fabricius, 1798. Sup. Ent. System., p. 279. 5,9. 



Taxonomy: Emery, 1893. Zool. Jahrb., Abt. f. System. 7: 668. —Wheeler, 1910. N. Y. Acad. 

 Sci., Ann. 20: 299, 338-339 (each caste; biol. notes). —Wheeler, 1917. Conn. State Geol. and 

 Nat. Hist. Survey Bui. 22: 600-601. —Cole, 1940. Amer. Midland Nat. 24: 86. —Brown, 

 1950. Ent. News 61: 158-160. —Wheeler and Wheeler, 1953. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 46: 188 

 (larva). 



