1426 Hymenoptera in America North of Mexico 



Biology: Pricer, 1908. Biol. Bui. 14: 177-218. —Dennis, 1938. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 31: 

 301-302. —Williams, 1961. Ohio Jour. Sci. 61: 279 (habits; nest). —Smith, 1965. U. S. Dept. 

 Agr., Tech. Bui. 1326, pp. 67-69 (economic importance). 



Morphology: Tanquary, 1913. 111. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Bui. 9: 454-475 (embryology). 

 herculeanus (Linnaeus). Newfoundland (Labrador and insular) w. to Alaska s. to N. Y., Pa., 

 Wis., Minn., N. Dak., Colo., N. Mex., Utah, Oreg.; Eurasia. Ecology: Probably the 

 dominant ant in the forests of boreal and alpine N. Amer. Large colonies are found in 

 rotting logs and stumps, especially conifers. 

 Formica herculeana Linnaeus, 1758. Syst. Nat., Ed. 10, p. 579. 5. 



Camponotus herculeanus var. WhympeH Forel, 1902. Ent. Soc. London, Trans., p. 699. 5 , 

 9. 



Taxonomy: Wheeler, 1910. N. Y. Acad. Sci., Ann. 20: 299, 330-333 (each caste; biol. notes). 

 —Cole, 1942. Amer. Midland Nat. 28: 387. — Creighton, 1950. Harvard Univ., Mus. Comp. 

 Zool., Bui. 104: 367. —Wheeler and Wheeler, 1953. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 46: 185-187 

 (larva). — Yasumatsu and Brov*m, 1957. Kyushu Univ., Fac. Agr., Jour. 11: 45. — Amoldi, 

 1967. Zool. Zhur. 46: 1817-1818. —Wheeler and Wheeler, 1970. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 63: 

 651 (larva). 



Biology: Jones, 1929. Colo. Agr. Expt. Sta. Bui. 341, 96 pp. (tends 19 spp. in 6 gen. of aphids 

 on 12 spp. of host plants). —Gregg, 1946. Amer. Midland Nat. 35: 753. —Brown, 1949. Ent. 

 News 60: 99. — Holldobler, 1950. Ztschr. f. Angew. Ent. 31: 583 (biol. and habits in 

 Europe). —Weber, 1950. Amer. Ent. Soc., Trans. 76: 188. — Perttunen, 1955. Ann. Ent. 

 Fenn. 21: 38 (reactions to air humidity). —Brown, 1955. Ent. News 66: 47-48. — HoUdobler, 

 1961. Insectes Sociaux 8: 14 (rhythmical behavior). —Holldobler, 1962. Waldhygiene 4: 228 

 (nest types, ecomomic importance in Germany). — Holldobler, 1962. Ztschr. f. Angew. Ent. 

 49: 338. —Wheeler and Wheeler, 1963. Ants of N. Dak., pp. 164-165. —Gregg, 1963. Ants of 

 Colo., pp. 656-660. —Sanders, 1964. Canad. Ent. 96: 894 (biol. and habits, N. B.). —Sanders, 

 1972. Canad. Ent. 101: 1618-1687 (seasonal and daily activity patterns, Ont.). 



Morphology: Ayre, 1963. Ent. Expt. and Appl. 6: 165-170 (feeding behavior and digestion). 

 — Ayre and Blum, 1971. Physiological Zool. 44: 77-83 (attraction and alarm by 

 pheromones). 

 laevig^atus (Smith). Mont., Colo., N. Mex. w. to B. C, Oreg., Calif.; Mexico. Ecology: Foimd in 

 wooded and forested areas where it nests in rotting logs and stumps. Occasionally foimd 

 in buildings. 

 Formica laevigata Smith, 1858. Cat. Hym. Brit. Mus., v. 6, p. 55. 5 , 9 . 



Taxonomy: Wheeler, 1910. N. Y. Acad. ScL, Ann. 20: 299, 327-330 (each caste; biol. notes). 

 —Cole, 1942. Amer. Midland Nat. 28: 387-388. —Wheeler and Wheeler, 1968. Ent. Soc. 

 Amer., Ann. 61: 216 Garva). 



Biology: Wheeler, 1917. Amer. Acad. Arts and Sci., Proc. 52: 556. — Eckert and Mallis, 1937. 

 Calif. Agr. Expt. Sta. Cir. 342" 29. — Fumiss, 1944. Oreg. Agr. Expt. Sta. Cir. 158: 1-12. 

 —Gregg, 1963. Ants of Colo., pp. 660-663. 

 modoc Wheeler. S. Dak., Colo. w. to B. C, Oreg., Calif. Ecology: Found in forested areas 



where it makes its nests in rotting logs and stumps. Has been considered a subspecies 

 of herculeanus or pennsylvanicus by various authors. 

 Camponotus (Camponotus) herculeanus var. modoc Wheeler, 1910. N. Y. Acad. Sci., Ann. 

 20:299,333. 5, 9, 6. 



Taxonomy: Cole, 1942. Amer. Midland Nat. 28: 387. —Brown, 1950. Ent. News 61: 158. 



Biology: Wheeler, 1917. Amer. Acad. Arts and ScL, Proc. 52: 557. —Eckert and Mallis, 1937. 

 Calif. Agr. Expt. Sta. Cir. 342: 29. —Mallis, 1941. South. Calif. Acad. Sci., BuL 40: 90. 

 —Fumiss, 1944. Oreg. Agr. Expt. Sta. Cir. 158: 1-12. -Gregg, 1963. Ants of Colo., pp. 

 665-669. 



novaeboracensis (Fitch). N. S., Que. s. to Va. w. to B. C, Oreg., Utah, Colo. Ecology: Prefers 

 wooded areas where it normally nests in rotting logs and stumps. Sometimes a house 

 pest. 

 Formica Novaeboracensis Fitch, 1855. N. Y. State Agr. Soc., Trans. 14: 766. $ . 



