Superfamily FORMICOIDEA 1339 



Biology: Dennis, 1938. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 31: 276, 304. —Wesson and Wesson, 1940. Amer. 

 Midland Nat. 24: 90-91 (ate only inside of gaster of dead workers of other ants.) 



silaceum Roger. Mass., s. Ont. (Pelee Is. and vicinity) s. to n. Fla., w. to 111., Ark., Okla. 

 Proceratium silaceum Roger, 1863. Berlin. Ent. Ztschr. 7: 172. $. 

 Proceratium crassicome Emery, 1895. Zool. Jahrb., Abt. f. System. 8: 265. 5 . 

 Procemtium crassicome var. vestitum Emery, 1895. Zool. Jahrb., Abt. f. System. 8: 266. 5 . 

 Proceratium silaceum rugulosum Wheeler, 1915. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Bui. 34: 390. 5 , 

 9. 



Taxonomy: Wheeler and Wheeler, 1952. Amer. Midland Nat. 48: 137 (larva). —Brown, 1958. 

 Harvard Univ., Mus. Comp. Zool., Bui. 118: 241, 245-248, 336 (also biology). 



Biology: Wheeler, 1905. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Bui. 21: 373, 375. —Wheeler, 1916. Ind. Acad. 

 Sci., Proc. 26: 460. —Smith, 1928. Ent. News 29: 244. —Dennis, 1938. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 

 31: 272, 273, 276, 304. —Wesson and Wesson, 1940. Amer. Midland Nat. 24: 91. 



Morphology: Kennedy and Talbot, 1939. Ind. Acad. Sci., Proc. 48: 206-210 (each caste; also 

 biological notes). 



Genus DISCOTHYREA Roger 



Discothyrea Roger, 1863. Berlin. Ent. Ztschr. 7: 176. 



Type-species: Discothyrea testacea Roger. Monotypic. 

 Pseudosysphincta Arnold, 1916. South. Afr. Mus., Ann. 14: 161. 



Type-species: Pseudosysphincta poweri Arnold. Orig. desig. 

 Prodiscothyrea Wheeler, 1916. Roy. Soc. South. Aust., Trans. 60: 33. 



Type-species: Prodiscothyrea velutina Wheeler. Monotypic. 

 Pseudosphincta Wheeler, 1922. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Bui. 45: 645, 762. Variant spelling of 

 Pseudosysphincta. 



Most of the 26 species of this genus are found in the tropical and southern temperate regions 

 of the world. Because of their small size and cryptobiotic habits, they are not commonly collected 

 and their biology is poorly known. The colonies are small and a number of forms have been col- 

 lected from leaf litter, humus, and rotten logs. 



Revision: Brown, 1958. Harvard Univ., Mus. Comp. Zool., Bui. 118: 248-253. 



Taxonomy: Borgmeier, 1949. Rev. BrasU. Biol. 9: 205. — Borgmeier, 1957. Acad. Brasil. de 

 Cien., An. 29: 124-125 (male). —Wheeler and Wheeler, 1971. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 64: 1202 

 (larvae). 



Biology: Brown, 1958. Psyche 64: 115 (as predators of eggs of other arthropods). 

 testacea Roger. N. C. to Fla.; Okla. Ecology: Some have been found in pine forest litter and in 

 soiL 

 Discothyrea testacea Roger, 1863. Berlin. Ent. Ztschr. 7: 177. 5,9. 



Taxonomy: Weber, 1939. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 32: 99 (worker, female). —Smith and Wing, 

 1954. N. Y. Ent. Soc., Jour. 62: 110-112 (worker, female). —Smith, 1955. Brooklyn Ent. 

 Soc., Bui. 50: 98 (probable type locality; collector). — Brown, 1958. Harvard Univ., Mus. 

 Comp. Zool., Bui. 118: 253, 341-342. 



Tribe PONERINI 



Taxonomy: Brown, 1963. Breviora 190: 1-10. 



Genus PACHYCONDYLA Smith 



PachycoTidyla Smith, 1858. Cat. Hym. Brit. Mus., v. 6, p. 105. 



Type-species: Formica crassinoda Latreille. Desig. by Emery, 1901. 

 Neoponera Emery, 1901. Soc. Ent. Belg., Ann. 45: 40, 43. 



Type-species: Formica villosa Fabricius. Orig. desig. 

 Euponera subg. Trachym^sopus Emery, 1911. In Wytsman, Gen. Ins., fasc. 118, p. 84. 



Type-species: Formica stigma Fabricius. Orig. desig. 



