1340 Hymenoptera in America North of Mexico 



Brown (1973) has synonymized Neoponera, Trachymesopus, and several other genera with 

 Pachycondyla. This is a large genus in the tropical regions of the world, but only three species 

 reach the United States. 



Revision: Emery, 1890. Soc. Ent. France, Ann. 10: 71-74 (Pachycondyla). 



Taxonomy: Wilson, 1958. Harvard Univ., Mus. Comp. Zool., Bui. 119: 352 (Trachymesopus 

 not a subgenus of Euponera). — Kempf, 1960. Studia Ent. 3: 423-428 (New World species 

 of Trachymesopus). —Kempf, 1961. Rev. Brasil. Ent. 10: 89-204 (Brazilian species of 

 Pachycondyla). — Brown, 1963. Breviora 190: 6-8 (three species groups of 

 Trachymesopus). —Kempf, 1964. Studia Ent. 7: 49-52 (key to species of Pachycondyla). 

 — Brown, 1973. In Meggers, et al.. Tropical forest ecosystems in Africa and S. Amer., pp. 

 178-185 (generic synonymy). 



harpax (Fabricius). La., Tex. s. to Brazil; W. Indies. Ecology: Colonies of about 150 individuals 

 are found in rotten logs and stumps or in soil beneath objects. Workers avoid direct 

 sunlight and forage in the morning and in shade for other insects and myriapods on 

 which they feed. There are both ergatoid and normal females. 



Formica harpax Fabricius, 1804. Systema Piezatorum, p. 401. 5 . 



Pachycondyla Montezumia Smith, 1858. Cat. Hym. Brit. Mus., v. 6, p. 108. 9,6. 



Pomerad) amplinoda Buckley, 1866. Ent. Soc. Phila., Proc. 6: 171. 5 . 



Pachycondyla Orizabana Norton, 1868. Amer. Nat. 2: 64. $ . 



Pachycondyla harpax var. dibullana Forel, 1901. Rev. Suisse Zool. 9: 347. 2 . 



Pachycondyla harpax var. irina Wheeler, 1925. Arkiv for Zool. 17A: 5. 9 . 



Pachycondyla harpax var. concinna Wheeler, 1925. Arkiv for Zool. 17 A: 5. 5, 9. 



Taxonomy: Wheeler, 1908. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Bui. 24: 401-403 (each caste). —Brown, 

 1950. Wasmann Jour. Biol. 8: 247-248 (species synonymy). —Wheeler and Wheeler, 1952. 

 Amer. Midland Nat. 48: 617-618 (larva). —Kempf, 1961. Rev. Brasil. Ent. 10: 194. 



Biology: Wheeler, 1900. Biol. Bui. 2: 1-31. — Haskins and Enzmann, 1938. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 



Ann. 37: 150-151 (formation of new colony; in Canal Zone). 

 stigma (Fabricius). Fla.; W. Indies, Mexico s. to n. Argentina; S. China to Samoa, n. 



Queensland. Ecology: They prefer to nest in moist, dead logs or stumps, occasionally 

 under stones. Apparently a tramp species distributed by commerce outside the New 

 World. Whether or not it is endemic or adventive to Florida is unknown. 



Formica stigma Fabricius, 1804. Systema Piezatorum, p. 400. 9 . 



Ponera quadridentata. Smith, 1859. Linn. Soc. London, Jour. Zool. 3: 143. 9 . 



Ponera Americana Mayr, 1862. Zool.-Bot. Gesell. Wien, Verh. 13: 722. 5 . 



Euponera (Trachymesopus) nixoni Donisthorpe, 1943. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 11, 

 10:441. 9. 



Euponera (Trachymesopus) brunneus Donisthorpe, 1947. Ann and Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 11, 

 14: 300-301. 5, 9. 



Euponera (Trachymesopus) sexdentatus Donisthorpe, 1949. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 

 12, 1: 746. $. 



Taxonomy: Smith, 1934. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 27: 561-564. —Wheeler and Wheeler, 1952. 

 Amer. Midland Nat. 48: 627 (larva). —Wilson, 1958. Harvard Univ., Mus. Comp. Zool., Bui. 

 119: 355 (synonymy and distribution). — Wilson and Taylor, 1967. Pacific Ins. Monog. 14: 22 

 (Polynesia). — Wheeler and Wheeler, 1976. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 102: 55-58 (descriptions 

 of larvae from different localities; as Mesoponera stigma). 



Biology: Smith, 1936. Puerto Rico Univ., Jour. Agr. 20: 824. —Haskins and Enzmann, 1938. 



N. Y. Acad. Sci., Ann. 37: 151 (colony formation; Canal Zone). —Kempf, 1960. Studia Ent. 



3: 427-428. — WUson, 1959. Evolution 13: 128 (distribution; ecology). 

 villosa (Fabricius). S. Tex. (as far north as San Antonio) s. to n. Argentina. Ecology: Colonies 

 occur in the soil and in logs and stumps. Workers run rapidly in the bright sun in search 

 of insects on which they feed. They can sting severely. The largest ponerine ant in the 

 U.S. 



Formica villosa Fabricius, 1804. Systema Piezatorum, p. 409. $ . 



Ponera bicolor Guerin, 1845. Iconogr. Regne Anim., Ins., v. 7, p. 242. ? . 



Ponera pilosa Smith, 1858. Cat. Hym. Brit. Mus., v. 6, p. 95. 6. 



