1342 Hymenoptera in America North of Mexico 



Taxonomy: Wilson, 1957. Harvard Univ., Mus. Comp. Zool., Bui. 116: 356-357. —Brown, 1958. 

 Acta Hym. 1: 22-23. —Wheeler and Wheeler, 1971. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 64: 1208 (larvae). 



Species Group Leae 



exotica Smith. N. C, Okla. Ecology: Specimens are all from Berlese samples of leaf litter or 

 leaf mold. Possibly introduced. Affinities are with the I ndo- Australian fauna. 

 Ponera exotica Smith, 1962. Acta Hym. 1: 378-382. 5,9. 



Taxonomy: Taylor, 1967. Pacific Ins. Monog. 13: 96-97. 



Species Group Coarctata 



pennsylvanica Buckley. N. S., Que. s. to Fla. w. to Ont., N. Dak., Colo., Utah, N. Mex. Ecology: 

 Most abimdant in the eastern deciduous forests, east of the 97th meridian, with only 

 scattered records in the western states. Nests are found under rotting logs, in rotting 

 stumps, small fragments of wood, acorns and other objects, or in soil or leaf mold. In 

 drier habitats they may nest under stones. Workers forage in or on the ground and are 

 carnivorous. Only occasionally a household pest. 

 Ponera Pennsylvanica Buckley, 1866. Ent. Soc. Phila., Proc. 6: 171. 9 . 



Taxonomy: Wheeler and Wheeler, 1952. Amer. Midland Nat. 48: 631 Garva). —Taylor, 1967. 

 Pacific Ins. Monog. 13: 29-38 (also biology, ecology). — Wheeler and Wheeler, 1971. Ent. 

 Soc. Amer., Ann. 64: 1210 (larva). 



Biology: Wheeler, 1900. Biol. Bui. 2: 22-23, 43-56. —Wheeler, 1917. Conn. State Geol. and Nat. 

 Hist. Survey Bui. 22: 581. — HasWns and Enzmann, 1938. N. Y. Acad. Sci., Ann. 37: 152-155 

 (colony formation). — Headley, 1952. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 45: 436-438. — Kannowski, 1959. 

 Insectes Sociaux 6: 118 (colony founding). — Wheeler and Wheeler, 1963. Ants of N. Dak., 

 pp. 91-92. —Gregg, 1963. Ants of Colo., pp. 281-282, 284. 



Morphology: Gotwald, 1969. N. Y. Agr. Expt. Sta. (Cornell Univ.) Mem. 408: 25-42 

 (mouthparts). 



Genus HYPOPONERA Santschi 



Ponera subg. Hypoponera Santschi, 1938. Soc. Ent. France, Bui. 43: 79. 

 Type-species: Ponera aheillei Andre. Orig. desig. 



A large cosmopolitan genus whose habits are similar to those of species of Ponera. Prior to 

 Taylor, 1967, the species below were assigned to the genus Ponera. 



Revision: Smith, 1936. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 29: 420-430 (in part, as Ponera; U. S.). 



Taxonomy: Taylor, 1967. Pacific Ins. Monog. 13: 9-14 (a distinct genus). —Taylor, 1968. Ent. 

 News 79: 63-66 (list of N. Amer. species). —Wheeler and Wheeler, 1971. Ent. Soc. Amer., 

 Ann. 64: 1210 Garvae). 

 gleadowi (Forel). Md. (Priest Bridge); Asia. Apparently a widespread tramp species. Possibly 

 introduced. No other confirmed records from the U. S. 

 Ponera Gleadowi Forel, 1895. R. Accad. Sci. Bologna, Mem. 5: 292-293. 5. 

 Ponera japonica formosae Forel, 1913. Arch. f. Naturgesch. 79: 186. 

 Ponera oblongiceps Smith, 1939. Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc. 41: 76-78. 9,9, apterous ergatoid 

 6. 



Taxonomy: Wilson, 1958. Harvard Univ., Mus. Comp. Zool., Bui. 119: 326 (Melanesia; 

 provisional synonymy). —Taylor, 1967. Pacific Ins. Monog. 13: 11, 12, 76. —Wilson and 

 Taylor, 1967. Pacific Ins. Monog. 14: 29 (unknown from Polynesia; synonymy given for 

 gleadowi by Wilson, 1958 provisionally transferred to synonymy of punctatissinw, 

 (Roger)). —Taylor, 1968. Ent. News 79: 65 (U. S.). 

 inexorata (Wheeler). S. C. to Fla. w. to Tex., Ariz.; s. to Central Amer. 

 Ponera inexorata Wheeler, 1903. Psyche 10: 94. 5 , 9 . 



Taxonomy: Taylor, 1968. Ent. News 79: 65. 



Biology: Wheeler, 1908. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Bui. 24: 406. 



