1450 Hymenoptera in America North of Mexico 



Biology: Cole, 1942. Amer. Midland Nat. 28: 384. —Wheeler and Wheeler, 1944. N. Dak. Hist. 

 Quart. 11: 268-269. — Kincaid, 1963. Amer. Micros. Soc, Trans. 82: 101-105 (as pollinators of 

 plants). —Wheeler and Wheeler, 1963. Ants of N. Dak. pp. 209-211, 502. —Gregg, 1963. 

 Ants of Colo., pp. 498-500, 502. —Cole, 1966. Brigham Young Univ., Sci. Bui., Biol. Ser. 7: 



23 (Nev. Test Site). 



limata Wheeler. Minn., N. Dak., Colo., N. Mex., Utah, Nev. Ecology: Commonly nests in 

 grasslands under stones or in crater nests; tolerant of dry situations. 

 Formica (Proformica) limata, Wheeler, 1913. Harvard Univ., Mus. Comp. Zool., Bui. 53: 

 400,541. 5. 



Biology: Wheeler and Wheeler, 1944. N. Dak. Hist. Quart. 11: 268. —Gregg, 1946. Amer. 

 Midland Nat. 35: 750. —Wheeler and Wheeler, 1963. Ants of N. Dak., pp. 211-212. —Gregg, 

 1963. Ants of Colo., pp. 502, 504. —Cole, 1%6. Brigham Young Univ., Sci. Bui., Biol. Ser. 7: 



24 (Nev. Test Site). 



manni Wheeler. Idaho, Utah, Wash., Oreg., Nev., Calif. Ecology: Nests are often under stones 

 in gravelly or sandy soil of desert areas. 

 Formica manni Wheeler, 1913. Harvard Univ., Mus. Comp. Zool., Bui. 53: 389, 420. 5,9. 



Taxonomy: Wilson and Brown, 1955. Psyche 62: 127-128. 



Biology: Cole, 1942. Amer. Midland Nat. 28: 376, 378-379. 

 neogagates Emery. N. S., Que. w. to Alaska s. to N. C, 111., Iowa, Nebr., N. Mex., Ariz., Calif. 

 Ecology: Nests most often in grasslands in dry and stony situations, under stones or in 

 the open with or without an irregular mound or crater. 

 Formica fusca subpolita var. neogagates Emery, 1893. Zool. Jahrb., Abt. f. System. 7: 646, 



661. 5, 9, i. 

 Formica {Proformica) neogagates neogagates var. vinculans Wheeler, 1913. Harvard 

 Univ., Mus. Comp. Zool., Bui. 53: 400, 539. 5,9. 



Taxonomy: Wheeler, 1913. Harvard Univ., Mus. Comp. Zool., Bui. 53: 400, 536-538 (each 

 caste). —Wheeler, 1917. Conn. State Geol. and Nat. Hist. Survey Bui. 22: 596. —Wheeler 

 and Wheeler, 1953. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 46: 158-159 (larva). 



Biology: Wheeler, 1905. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Bui. 21: 401. —Wesson and Wesson, 1940. 

 Amer. Midland Nat. 24: 102. —Wheeler and Wheeler, 1944. N. Dak. Hist. Quart. 11: 268. 

 — Buren, 1944. Iowa State Col., Jour. Sci. 18: 299. —Wheeler and Wheeler, 1963. Ants of 

 N. Dak., pp. 212-214. —Gregg, 1963. Ants of Colo., pp. 503-505. —Cole, 1966. Brigham 

 Young Univ., Sci. Bui., Biol. Ser. 7: 26 (Nev. Test Site). 

 obtusopilosa Emery. Minn. w. to Alta. s. to Nebr., N. Mex., Utah, Nev. Ecology: Small colonies 



are found under stones or in exposed soil usually with irregular moimds or craters in 



meadows and grasslands. 

 Formica sanguinea obtusopilosa Emery, 1893. Zool. Jahrb., Abt. f. System. 7: 643, 648. 5 . 

 Formica munda Wheeler, 1905. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Bui. 21: 267. 5,9. 

 Formica munda var. alticola Wheeler, 1917. Amer. Acad. Arts and Sci., Proc. 52: 534. 5 . 



Taxonomy: Wheeler, 1913. Harvard Univ., Mus. Comp. Zool., Bui. 53: 389, 414-418. — WUson 

 and Brown, 1955. Psyche 62: 128. 



Biology: Cole, 1942. Amer. Midland Nat. 28: 378. —Wheeler and Wheeler, 1963. Ants of N. 

 Dak, pp. 217-219. —Gregg, 1963. Ants of Colo., pp. 608-611. —Cole, 1966. Brigham Young 

 Univ., Sci. Bui., Biol. Ser. 7: 26 (Nev. Test Site). 

 oregonensis Cole. Oreg. (Pendleton). 



Formica oregonensis Cole, 1938. Amer. Midland Nat. 20: 368. 5 . 



Taxonomy: Cole, 1956. Tenn. Acad. Sci., Jour. 31: 212-214. 



Biology: Kincaid, 1963. Amer. Micros. Soc., Trans. 82: 101-105 (pollinators of plants). 

 perpilosa Wheeler. Wyo., Colo., Kans., Okla., Tex. w. to Calif.; Mexico. Ecology: Usually 

 constructs crater nests in the soil in grasslands and open fields. 

 Formica fusca subpolita var. perpilosa Wheeler, 1902. Soc. Cient. "Antonio Alzate" Mem. 

 y Rev. 17: 141. 5, 9. 



