1452 Hymenoptera in America North of Mexico 



Taxonomy: Wheeler, 1904. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Bui. 20: 370. —Wheeler, 1913. Harvard 

 Univ., Mus. Comp. Zool, Bui. 53: 401, 552-553 (each caste). —Cole, 1940. Amer. Midland 

 Nat. 24: 73. 



Biology: Wheeler, 1905. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Bui. 21: 400. —Wheeler, 1917. Conn. State 

 Geol. and Nat. Hist. Survey Bui. 22: 598. —Dennis, 1938. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 31: 298, 

 306. 



Species Group Fusca 



Members of this group nest in the soU, and the nest is commonly started under objects or at 

 the base of tufts of grass. Excavated soil may be spread out in the form of an irregular crater or 

 low mound about the nest openings. Because of their ubiquity and usual docility, they are com- 

 mon hosts for many of the slave-making species of Formica. 



Revision: Francoeur, 1973. Soc. Ent. du Quebec, Mem. no. 3, 316 pp. 

 accreta Francoeur. B. C, Mont., Idaho, Wash., Oreg., Calif. 



Formica accreta Francoeur, 1973. Soc. Ent. du Quebec, Mem. no. 3, pp. 182-189. 5 , 9 , 3. 

 aerata Francoeur. Oreg., Nev., Calif. Ecology: Found in sandy soil where it nests under rocks. 



Formica aerata Francoeur, 1973. Soc. Ent. du Quebec, Mem. no. 3, pp. 116-122. 5,9. 

 altipetens Wheeler. Mont., Wyo., Colo., N. Mex., Idaho, Utah, Ariz., Calif. Ecology: Nests in 

 forested and open areas in the soil; low moimds are sometimes built, but nests are also 

 under objects. 

 Formica cinerea cinerea var. altipetens Wheeler, 1913. Harvard Univ., Mus. Comp. Zool., 

 Bui. 53: 399, 523. 5, 9, <?. 



Taxonomy: Francoeur, 1973. Soc. Ent. du Quebec, Mem. no. 3, pp. 52-60. 



Biology: Gregg, 1963. Ants of Colo., pp. 507-509. —Funk, 1975. Lepidop. Soc., Jour. 29: 

 261-262 (association with Lycaenidae). 



argentea Wheeler. Que. w. to B. C. s. to S. C, Ohio, 111., Iowa, S. Dak., N. Mex., Ariz., Calif. 



Ecology: Found in ojjen or semi-open situations usually in sandy soil under rocks or 



with a low mound. 

 Formica fusca var. argentata Wheeler, 1902. Amer. Nat. 36: 952. 5. Preocc. by Fabricius, 



1804. 

 Formica fusca var. argentea Wheeler, 1912. Psyche 19: 90. N. name for argentata 



Wheeler. 

 Form,ica fusca var. blanda Wheeler, 1913. Harvard Univ., Mus. Comp. Zool., Bui. 53: 398, 



510. 9. 



Taxonomy: Francoeur, 1973. Soc. Ent. du Quebec, Mem. no. 3, pp. 141-152 (also ecology). 



Biology: Gregg, 1963. Ants of Colo., pp. 521-525. 

 canadensis Santschi. Man., Sask., N. Dak., S. Dak., Kans., Alta., Wyo., Colo., N. Mex., Idaho, 



Utah, Ariz., Calif. Ecology: Nests in open or wooded areas in the soil, sometimes with a 

 low mound. This species has been confused with lepida in much of the literature. 

 Formica cinerea var. canadensis Santschi, 1913. Soc. Ent. de Belg., Ann. 57: 435. 5,9. 



Taxonomy: Francoeur, 1973. Soc. Ent. du Quebec, Mem. no. 3, pp. 60-67. 

 foreliana Wheeler. S. Ariz. 



Formica fareliana Wheeler, 1913. Harvard Univ., Mus. Comp. Zool., BuL 53: 391, 451. 5. 



Taxonomy: Francoeur, 1973. Soc. Ent. du Quebec, Mem. no. 3, pp. 234-238. 

 fusca Linnaeus. Newfoundland (insular) w. to Yukon s. to N. C, 111., Iowa, S. Dak., N. Mex., 



Ariz., Calif.; Holarctic. Ecology: Nests in a wide variety of situations, in forests or open 

 areas, under rocks, logs, in soil, or in rotting wood. Two forms are recognized by 

 Francoeur (1973), form subaenescens which is mostly eastern and form mardda which 

 is mostly western in distribution. 



Formica fusca Linnaeus, 1758. Syst. Nat., Ed. 10, v. 1, p. 580. 



Formica fusca var. subaenescens Emery, 1893. Zool. Jahrb., Abt. f. System. 7: 646, 

 659-660. $, 9. 



Formica fusca fusca var. mardda Wheeler, 1913. Harvard Univ., Mus. Comp. Zool., Bui. 

 53:398,503. 5, 9. 



