Superfamily FORMICOIDEA 1365 



Biology: Gregg, 1955. Psyche 62:45-52 (rediscovery). — Wheeler and Wheeler, 1956. Psyche 

 63:140-145 (in N. Dak.). —Wheeler and Wheeler, 1959. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 52:176-179 

 (behavior, nest structure). — Wheeler and Wheeler, 1963. Ants of N. Dak., pp. 123-125. 

 —Gregg, 1963. Ants of Colo., pp. 354-356. —Wheeler and Wheeler, 1965, Kans. Ent. Soc, 

 Jour. 38:55-61. —Cole, 1966. Brigham Young Univ., Sci. Bui., Biol. Ser. 7(3):12-13. 

 pergandei (Mayr). Ariz., Nev., Calif.; Mexico. Ecology: Nests are in exposed soil, usually with a 

 single entrance which is surrounded by a crater of excavated soil. Workers are diurnal 

 foragers and can remain active during periods of intense heat. 

 Aphaenogaster pergandei Mayr, 1886. Zool.-Bot. Gesell. Wien, Verb. 36:444, 448. 5 . 



Taxonomy: Eckert and Mallis, 1937. Calif. Agr. Expt. Sta. Cir. 342:8, 25. —Cole, 1963. Ent. 

 Soc. Amer., Ann. 56:681. —Wheeler and Wheeler, 1972. Ga. Ent. Soc., Jour. 7:240 (larva). 



Biology: Wheeler, 1910. Ants, pp. 16, 280. —Cole, 1937. Ent. News 48:101. —Mallis, 1941. 

 South. Calif. Acad. Sci., Bui. 40:68. — Creighton, 1953. Amer. Mus. Novitates 1612:7-17. 

 —Cole, 1966. Brigham Young Univ., Sci. Bui., Biol. Ser. 7(3): 13-14. —Wheeler and Wheeler, 

 1965. Kans. Ent. Soc, Jour. 38:55 (habitat, harvesting habits, defense). —Wheeler and 

 Wheeler, 1967. Kans. Ent. Soc. Jour. 40:238 (distribution and habitat). — Tevis, 1958. 

 Ecology 39:695-704 (interrelations vrith some desert ephemerals). — Wheeler and Wheeler, 

 1973. Ants of Deep Canyon, pp. 67-72. —Clark and Comanor, 1973. Amer. Midland Nat. 90: 

 467-474 (quantitative examination of spring foraging). — Wheeler and Kissing, 1975. 

 Pan-Pacific Ent. 51: 205-216 (nest). —Wheeler and Kissing, 1975. Pan-Pacific Ent. 51: 

 303-314 (behavior). —Kissing and Wheeler, 1976. Pan-Pacific Ent. 52: 63-72 (foraging 

 responses to changes in seed production). 



smithi Cole. Nev. (Mercury, Nye Co.), Ariz. Ecology: Nests are in fully exposed areas, each 

 with a small circular crater of soil about their entrance. 

 Veromessor smithi Cole, 1963. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 56:678-680. 5, 9, 3. 



Taxonomy: Wheeler and Wheeler, 1972. Ga. Ent. Soc, Jour. 7:240 (larva). 



Biology: Cole, 1966. Brigham Young Univ., Sci. Bui., Biol. Ser. 7(3): 14. 

 stoddardi chicoensis Smith. Calif. (Chico). Ecology: The type series was found beneath a large 

 stone. 

 Veromessor stoddardi chicoensis Smith, 1956. Pan-Pacific Ent. 32:36-38. 5 . 

 stoddardi stoddardi (Emery). S. Calif.; Mexico. Ecology: Nests have been found in hard clay 

 soil, each with several openings situated at the bottom of a shallow depression and 

 without excavated soil. 

 Stenamma {Messor) stoddardi Emery, 1895. Zool. Jahrb., Abt. f. System. 8:307. $ . 



Biology: Wheeler, 1910. Ants, p. 280. —Creighton, 1953. Amer. Mus. Novitates 1612:17-18. 



Genus PHEIDOLE Westwood 



Pheidole Westwood, 1841. Ann. and Mag. Nat. ffist. 6:87. 



Type-species: Atta providens Sykes. Monotypic 

 Oecophthora Heer, 1852. Naturf. Gesell. in Zurich, Neujahrsbl. 54:11, 15. 



Type-species: Oecophthora pusilla Heer. Monotypic. 

 Ischnomyrmex Mayr, 1862. Zool.-Bot. Gesell. Wien, Verb. 12:738. 



Type-species: Myrmica longipes Smith. Monotypic 

 Leptomyrma Motschulsky, 1863. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou, Bui. 36:17. 



Type-species: Leptxymyrma gracilipes Motschulsky. Monotypic. 

 Pheidolacanthinus Smith, 1864. Linn. Soc. London, Jour., Zool. 8:75. 



Type-species: PheidolacanthivMs armattis Smith. Monotypic. 

 Pheidole subg. Ceratopheidole Pergande, 1895. Calif. Acad. Sci., Proc 5:889. 



Type-species: Pheidole (Ceratopheidole) granulata Pergande. Monotypic. 

 Phidole Bingham, 1903. Fauna Brit. India, Hym. 2:220. Variant spelling. 

 Epipheidole Wheeler, 1903. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Bui. 19:664. 



Type-species: Epipheidole inquilitia Wheeler. Monotypic. 

 Sympheidole Wheeler, 1904. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Bui. 20:1, 7. 



Type-sf)ecies: Sympheidole elecebra Wheeler. Monotypic. 

 Phidola Schulz, 1906. Spolia Hym., p. 155. Emend. 



