1436 Hymenoptera in America North of Mexico 



Taxonomy: Gregg, 1945. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 38: 529-546. —Wheeler and Wheeler, 1953. 

 Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 46: 147-148 (larva). 



Biology: Wilson, 1955. Harvard Univ., Mus. Comp. Zool., Bui. 113: 77-89. —Benjamin, 1958. 

 Canad. Ent. 90: 419. — Kannowski, 1959. Insectes Sociaux 6: 135-136. —Wheeler and 

 Wheeler, 1963. Ants of N. Dak., pp. 178-179. —Gregg, 1963. Ants of Colo., pp. 454-457. 

 —Bums, 1964. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 57: 138 (association with tuliptree scale). — Smith, 

 1965. U. S. Dept. Agr., Tech. Bui. 1326, pp. 80-81 (economic importance). —Wheeler and 

 Wheeler, 1973. Ants of Deep Canyon, pp. 115-116. 



Morphology: Regnier and Wilson, 1969. Jour. Ins. Physiology 15: 893-898 (alarm-defense 

 system). 

 crypticus Wilson. N. Dak. s. to N. Mex. w. to Alta., Idaho, Oreg., Utah; S. Calif. Ecology: 



Abundant in prairie regions where it nests under stones or occasionally in crater nests 

 in soil. 

 Lasius {Lasius) crypticus Wilson, 1955. Harvard Univ., Mus. Comp. Zool., Bui. 113: 

 104-118. 5, 9, d. 



Biology: Wheeler and Wheeler, 1963. Ants of N. Dak., pp. 179-182. 

 neoniger Emery. Que., Maine s. to Fla. w. to Idaho, Wyo., Colo., N. Mex.; Calif. (Sierras); 



Alaska (?). Ecology: Nests almost exclusively in open areas, either under stones or in 

 crater nests. One of the dominant ants found in lawns, cultivated fields, grassy road 

 strips, and prairies. A common house and lawn pest and also fosters honeydew-excreting 

 insects. In American literature, neoniger has often been confused with alienus 

 i=americamis Emery), and many early references applying these names are here 

 referred to neoniger. 

 Lasius niger var. neoniger Emery, 1893. Zool. Jahrb., Abt. f. System. 7: 637. 5 . 



Taxonomy: Gregg, 1945. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 38: 534. 



Biology: Forbes, 1894. 18th Rpt. State Ent. 111., 171 pp. —Forbes, 1908. 111. Agr. Expt. Sta. 

 Bui. 131: 31-44. — Tanquary, 1913. lU. State Lab., Nat. Hist. Bui. 9: 417-143. — Metcalf and 

 Flint, 1939. Destructive and Useful Insects, pp. 371-374, 770. — Severin, 1920. S. Dak. State 

 Ent. Cir. 20: 3. —Talbot, 1945. Amer. Midland Nat. 34: 504-506. —Talbot, 1946. Ecology 27: 

 65-70. — Schread and Chapman, 1948. Conn. (State) Agr. Expt. Sta. Bui. 515: 4-11. 

 —Talbot, 1953. Mich. Univ., Lab. Vertebrate Biol., Contrib. No. 63, pp. 3-12. —Wilson, 

 1955. Harvard Univ., Mus. Comp. Zool., Bui. 113: 100-104. — Ayre, 1962. Canad. Jour. Zool. 

 40: 157-164 (parasitism). —Wheeler and Wheeler, 1963. Ants, of N. Dak., pp. 182-185. 

 —Gregg, 1963. Ants of Colo., pp. 461^65. —Smith, 1965. U. S. Dept. Agr., Tech. Bui. 1326, 

 pp. 81-84 (economic importance). 

 niger (Linnaeus). Colo., N. Mex., Ariz., Utah, Mont., Idaho, Wash., Oreg., Calif.; Mexico; 



Eurasia. Ecology: Found in forests or in open situations where it usually nests under 



stones, though occasionally in rotting wood. 

 Formica nigra Linnaeus, 1758. Syst. Nat., Ed. 10, 1: 580. 2 . 



Lasius niger var. alieno-niger Forel, 1874. Les Fourmis de la Suisse, pp. 47, 49. 5 , 9 . 

 Lasius niger var. alienoides Emery, 1891. Explor. Sci. Tunisie, Paris, p. 16. 5. 

 Lasius niger fiavescens Forel, 1903. Mus. Zool. Acad. Imp. Sci. St. Petersburg, Ann. 8: 



386-387. 5. 

 Lasius niger emeryi Ruzsky, 1905. Schrift. Naturforsch.-Ges. Univ. Kasan 38: 313-314. 5 . 

 Acanthomyops niger nitidus Kuznetzov-Ugamskij, 1927. Rev. Russ. d'Ent. 21: 188. 5. 

 Acanthomyops niger alienus var. pilicomis Kuznetzov-Ugamskij, 1927. Rev. Russe d'Ent. 



21: 189. 9. 

 Acantfiomyops niger var. minimus Kuznetzov-Ugamskij, 1928. Ants of South Ussuri 



Region, U. S. S. R. Natl. Geog. Soc. Publ., p. 20. 5. 

 Lasius emarginatu^ var. nigrescens Stitz, 1930. Mitt. Zool. Mus. Berlin 16: 240. 9 . 

 Lasius niger colcrratus Santschi, 1937 Soc. Ent. de Belg., Bui. 68: 387. 5,9. 

 Lasius emarginatus vbt. japonicus Santschi, 1941. Mitt. Schweiz. Ent. Ges., 18: 277-278. 5, 



9. 

 Lasius transylvanica Roszler, 1943. Zool. Anz. 144: 44-46. 5, cJ. 



Taxonomy: Wheeler and Wheeler, 1953. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 46: 148-150 (larva). 



