1444 Hymenoptera in America North of Mexico 



melanderi melanderi (Wheeler). Tenn. w. to Kans., Tex., Ariz.; Mexico. 

 Prenolepis melanderi Wheeler, 1903. Psyche 10: 104. 5 , 9 , 6. 



Taxonomy: Emery, 1906. Soc. Ent. de Belg., Ann. 50: 132. —Wheeler and Wheeler, 1953. Ent. 

 Soc. Amer., Ann. 46: 144 (larva). 



Biology: Mitchell and Pierce, 1912. Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc. 14: 74. 

 parvula (Mayr). Mass. s. to Fla. w. to N. Dak., Nebr., Kans., Tex., Ariz., Utah (?). Ecology: 

 Nests under moss, in logs and stumps, beneath stones, or in open grassy areas where 

 the nest may be surmounted by a small crater. 

 Prenolepis parvula Mayr, 1870. Zool.-Bot. Gesell. Wien, Verh. 20: 947. 5, 9, 3. 

 Prenolepis (Nylanderia) parvula var. grandula Forel, 1922. Rev. Suisse des Sci. Nat., Bui. 

 20:348. $. 



Taxonomy: Emery, 1893. Zool. Jahrb., Abt. f. System. 7: 636 (worker, male). — Wesson and 

 Wesson, 1940. Amer. Midland Nat. 24: 100. — Buren, 1944. Iowa State Col., Jour. Sci. 18: 

 295. —Wheeler and Wheeler, 1968. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 61: 211 (larva). 



Biology: Wheeler, 1905. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Bui. 21: 390. —Talbot, 1934. Ecology 15: 

 420-422. —Dennis, 1938. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 31: 295, 306. —Cole, 1940. Amer. Midland 

 Nat. 24: 66. —Wheeler and Wheeler, 1963. Ants of N. Dak, pp. 175-176. 

 vividula guatemalensis (Forel). S. Ariz.; Central Amer. Possibly introduced. According to 



Snelling (correspondence), the Ariz, record for guatemalensis is based on misidentified 

 areniva^a. 

 Prenolepis vividula vividula var. guatemalensis Forel, 1884. Soc. Vaud. des ScL Nat., Bui. 

 20:348. $. 



Taxonomy: Wheeler, 1905. Amer. Mus. Nat. ffist., Bui. 21: 392 (worker, male). 



Biology: Wheeler, 1906. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Bui. 22: 342. —Cole, 1934. Ent. Soc. Amer., 

 Ann. 27: 401. 

 vividula vividula (Nylander). Fla., Miss. Sporadically in greenhouses in northern areas as far 



as Canada. Introduced. 

 Formica vividula Nylander, 1846. Acta Soc. Fenn. 2: 900. 5, 9, <J. 

 Formica perminuta Buckley, 1866. Ent. Soc. Phila., Proc. 6: 162. 5 . Synonymy 



questionable. 

 Formica picea Buckley, 1866. Ent. Soc. Phila., Proc. 6: 163. 5 . Synonymy questionable. 

 Formica (Tapinoma) terricola Buckley, 1866. Ent. Soc. Phila., Proc. 6: 168. 5, 9, 6. 



Synonymy questionable. 



Taxonomy: Emery, 1906. Soc. Ent. de Belg., Ann. 50: 130 (each caste). —Emery, 1910. Deut. 

 Ent. Ztschr., p. 131 (each caste). 



Biology: Mitchell and Pierce, 1912. Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc. 14: 74. — Marlatt, 1922. U. S. Dept. 



Agr. Farmers' Bui. 740: 7. 



Genus PRENOLEPIS Mayr 



Prenolepis Mayr, 1861. Die Europaischen Formiciden, pp. 26, 52. 



Type-species: Tapinoma nitens Mayr. Desig. by Bingham, 1903. 



These ants usuaUy nest in the soil in exposed situations or under cover in small to moderate 

 sized colonies. Workers feed on honeydew, secretions of floral and extrafloral nectaries, exu- 

 dates from galls, earthworms, arthropods, and ripened or decaying fruits. The ants often invade 

 houses in search of food, and they sometimes forage even at freezing temperatures. Repletes 

 are conmion. Males and females overwinter in the nest and are among the first of ants to take 

 their nuptial flights in the spring. 



Revision: Emery, 1893. Zool. Jahrb., Abt. f. System. 7: 635-637. —Wheeler, 1930. Ent. Soc. 

 Amer., Ann. 23: 1-26. 



Taxonomy: Wheeler and Wheeler, 1953. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 46: 142 (larvae). 

 imparls arlzonlca Wheeler. S. Ariz. 



Prenolepis imparts var. aiizonica Wheeler, 1930. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 23: 22. 5, 9, cJ. 



