Superfamily FORMICOIDEA 1449 



subgenus along with a number of species excluded from Raptiformica by Buren are here listed 

 in the species group tieogagates. Those species included in the subgenus Raptiformica by Buren 

 (1968) are listed here in the species group sanguinea. The species previously included in the 

 subgenus Neoformica are listed here in the pallidefulva species group. The other species 

 groups, microgyna, exsecta, fusca, and rufa, are essentially the same as before. Further studies 

 may clarify the species groupings and determine the necessity of establishing subgenera. 



Revision: Emery, 1893. Zool. Jahrb., Abt. f. System. 7: 643-654, 657-665. —Wheeler, 1913. 

 Harvard Univ., Mus. Comp. Zool., Bui. 53: 387-399, 401-536, 560-565. — Creighton, 1940. 

 Amer. Mus. Novitates 1055: 1-10 (rufa subspp.). —Creighton, 1950. Harvard Univ., Mus. 

 Comp. Zool., Bui. 104:450-552. — Francoeur, 1973. Ent. Soc. du Quebec, Mem. 3, 316 pp. 

 (fusca group). 



Taxonomy: Yarrow, 1950. Intematl. Comm. Zool. NomencL, Bui. Zool. Nomencl. 4: 408. 

 —Wheeler and Wheeler, 1953. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 46: 160 (larvae). —Yarrow, 1955. 

 Intematl. Comm. Zool. Nomencl., Bui. Zool. Nomencl. 9: 313-318 (type-species). —Wilson 

 and Brown, 1955. Psyche 62: 108-129 (notes on sanguinea and neogagates groups). 

 —Gregg, 1964. Colo. Univ. Mus., Leaflet No. 13, pp. 59-69 (distribution in mountains of 

 Colo.). —Gregg, 1969. Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc. 71: 38-49 (geographical distribution of genus 

 in world). —Buren, 1968. Ga. Ent. Soc., Jour. 3: 25-40 (fundamental taxonomic problems; 

 subg. Raptiformica). 



Biology: (iosswald, 1957. Insectes Sociaux 4: 335-348 (caste determination). — Kannowski, 

 1959. Insectes Sociaux 6: 147. —Kannowski and Johnson, 1969. Anim. Behaviour 17: 

 425:429 (male patrolling behavior and sex attraction). — Rosengren, 1971. Acta Zool. 

 Fennica 133, 106 pp. (route fidelity, visual memory, recruitment behavior). 



Morphology: Osman and Kloft, 1961. Insectes Sociaux 8: 383-395 (venom). 



Species Group Neogagates 



Species of this group nest in small colonies in the soil, sometimes under stones or beneath 

 other objects. They are commonly enslaved by members of the microgyna and sanguinea 

 groups. 



Taxonomy: Wilson and Brown, 1955. Psyche 62: 108-129. —Buren, 1968. Ga. Ent. Soc., Jour. 

 3: 25-40. 

 bradleyi Wheeler. Man., Minn., Iowa w. to Alta., Mont., Wyo., Colo. Ecology: Nests only in 

 sand or sandy soil among grass cltunps or with low irregular mounds. 

 Formica bradleyi Wheeler, 1913. Harvard Univ., Mus. Comp. Zool., Bui. 53: 389, 423. 9, <?. 

 Formica (Proformica) neogagates neogagates var. morbida Wheeler, 1913. Harvard Univ., 

 Mus. Comp. Zool., Bui. 53: 400, 538. 9, 9. 



Taxonomy: Wheeler, 1917. Amer. Acad. Arts and Sci., Proc. 52: 535. —Wheeler and Wheeler, 

 1953. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 46: 168-169 (larva). — WUson and Brovm, 1955. Psyche 62: 

 126-127. 



Biology: Wheeler and Wheeler, 1944. N. Dak. Hist. Quart. 11: 258-259. — Beamer and 



Michner, 1950. Kans. Ent. Soc., Jour. 23: 110-113 (relationship with leafhoppers). 



—Wheeler and Wheeler, 1963. Ants of N. Dak., pp. 206-209. —Gregg, 1963. Ants of Colo., 



pp. 602-606. — Snelling, 1969. Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc. 71: 196-197. — Halverson, et al. 1976. 



Kans. Ent. Soc., Jour. 49: 280-303 (natural history of the sandhill ant). 

 lasioides Emery. N. S., Que. w. to B. C. s. to Mass., Mich., S. Dak., Colo., N. Mex., Ariz., Calif. 

 Ecology: Commonly foimd in grasslands where it nests under stones or in nests vdth 

 exposed entrances or small craters, but also found in other habitats. 



Formica lasiodes Emery, 1893. Zool. Jahrb., Abt. f. System 7: 646, 664. 5. 



Formica lasoides var. picea Emery, 1895. Zool. Jahrb., Abt. f. System. 8: 335. 5. Preocc. 

 by Nylander, 1846. 



Formica lasoides var. vetula Wheeler, 1912. Psyche 19: 90. N. name for picea Emery. 



Taxonomy: Wheeler, 1913. Harvard Univ., Mus. Comp. Zool., Bui. 53: 400, 540-541 (each 

 caste). —Gregg, 1944. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 37: 472. —Buren, 1944. Iowa State Col., Jour. 

 Sci. 18: 299. 



