1454 Hymenoptera in America North of Mexico 



biological notes). — Francoeur, 1973. Soc. Ent. du Quebec, Mem. no. 3, pp. 254-259 (as 

 occidua). 



Biology: Wheeler, 1917. Amer. Acad. Arts and Sci., Proc. 52: 550. — Eckert and Mallis, 1937. 

 Calif. Agr. Expt. Sta. Cir. 342: 30. —Mallis, 1941. South. Calif. Acad. Sci., Bui. 40: 86. 

 —Cole, 1942. Amer. Midland Nat. 28: 385. — Wenner, 1959. Amer. Midland Nat. 62: 174. 

 —Wheeler and Wheeler, 1973. Ants of Deep Canyon, pp. 128-129. 

 montana Emery. Ohio, Wis., Ill, Minn., Iowa, Man., N. Dak., S. Dak., Nebr., Kans., Colo. 



Ecology: A prairie species; nests in earthen mounds, often in natural hummocks, 



commonly covered with grass. Sometimes uses thatching. 

 Formica fusca subpolita var. ? montana Emery, 1893. Zool. Jahrb., Abt. f. System. 7: 646, 



663. 5. 

 Formica cinerea var. neocinerea Wheeler, 1910. Ants, p. 571. Nomen nudum. 

 Fonrmica cinerea var. neocinerea Wheeler, 1913. Harvard Univ., Mus. Comp. Zool., Bui. 53: 



524. 5, 9, i. 

 Formica cinerea cinerea var. rutilans Wheeler, 1913. Harvard Univ., Mus. Comp. Zool., 



Bui. 53: 399, 525. 5 . 



Taxonomy: Francoeur, 1973. Soc. Ent. du Quebec, Mem. no. 3, pp. 67-74. 



Biology: Wheeler, 1902. Amer. Nat. 36: 948-952. —Wheeler, 1910. Ants, pp. 201, 203, 460-461, 

 475. —Wheeler, 1917. Psyche 22: 206. — Amstutz, 1943. Ohio Jour. Sci. 43: 172. —Gregg, 

 1948. Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc. 50: 183-186. —Wheeler and Wheeler, 1963. Ants of N. Dak., 

 pp. 263-264 (also as altipetens, pp. 260-261). —Gregg, 1963. Ants of Colo., pp. 513-514. 



Morphology: Hung, 1969. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 62: 455 (chromosome number). 

 neoclara Emery. N. Dak., S. Dak., Iowa, Kans., Tex. w. and northwest to N. W. T., B. C, 



Wash., Oreg., Calif. Ecology: Found in grasslands or open woods where it nests in the 

 soil, usually preferring sandy soil; nests are sometimes at the base of plants and 

 sometimes have loose mounds of vegetable debris or excavated soil. 

 Formica fusca var. neoclara Emery, 1893. Zool. Jahrb., Abt. f. System. 7: 646, 661. 5. 

 Formica fusca pruinosa Wheeler, 1917. Amer. Acad. Arts and Sci., Proc. 52: 548. 5, 9, 6. 

 Formica fusca pruinosa var. lutescens Wheeler, 1917. Amer. Acad. Arts and Sci., Proc. 52: 

 549. $. 



Taxonomy: Wheeler and Wheeler, 1953. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 46: 165 (larva). —Francoeur, 

 1973. Soc. Ent. du Quebec, Mem. no. 3, pp. 84-94. 



Biology: Wheeler, 1910. Ants, pp. 201, 460-461, 463. — LaBerge, 1952. Kans. Ent. Soc., Jour. 



25: 59. —Wheeler and Wheeler, 1963. Ants of N. Dak, pp. 268-271. —Gregg, 1963. Ants of 



Colo., pp. 526, 528-530 (also as pruniosa, pp. 537-539). 

 neorufibarbis Emery. Newfoundland (Labrador) w. to Alaska s. to Mass., Mich., Minn., S. Dak., 

 N. Mex., Ariz., Calif. Ecology: A dominant ant in the boreal and alpine forests of North 

 America; usually nests in rotting wood but occasionaUy in the soU under rocks. 



Formica fusca var. neorufibarbis Emery, 1893. Zool. Jahrb., Abt. f. System. 7: 646, 660. 5 . 



Formica fusca var. algida Wheeler, 1915. Psyche 22: 205. 5,9. 



Formica fusca fusca var. gelida Wheeler, 1913. Harvard Univ., Mus. Comp. Zool., Bui. 53: 

 399,505. 5, 9, 6. 



Taxonomy: Wheeler, 1917. Amer. Acad. Arts and Sci., Proc. 52: 546-547. — Wheeler and 

 Wheeler, 1953. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 46: 165 flarva). —Francoeur, 1973. Soc. Ent. du 

 Quebec, Mem. no. 3, pp. 215-228. 



Biology: Brown, 1955. Ent. News 66: 47-50. — Kannowski, 1959. Insectes Sociaux 6: 142. 



—Wheeler and Wheeler, 1963. Ants of N. Dak., pp. 271-273. —Gregg, 1963. Ants of Colo., 



pp. 530-536. —Cole, 1966. Brigham Young Univ., Sci. Bui., BioL Ser. 7: 26 (Nev. Test Site). 

 occulta Francoeur. Wyo., Colo., N. Mex., Utah, Ariz., Oreg. 



Formica occulta Francoeur, 1973. Soc. Ent. du Quebec, Mem. no. 3, pp. 94-101. $, 9, 6. 

 pacifies Francoeur. B. C, Wash., Oreg., Calif. 



Formica pacifica Francoeur, 1973. Soc. Ent. du Quebec, Mem. no. 3, pp. 131-135. 5,9. 



