1456 Hymenoptera in America North of Mexico 



SpfeciES Group Exsecta 



Ants of this group build large conspicuous mounds in fields, woods, or at the edge of woods. 

 The nest founding female may behave as a temporary social parasite, but colonies are also 

 founded by budding. 



Taxonomy: Creighton, 1950. Harvard Univ., Mus. Comp. ZooL, Bui. 104: 510-515. 

 exsectoides Forel. N. S., Ont. s. to Ga. w. to Wis., Iowa, Kans., Colo., N. Mex. Ecology: A large 



aggregation of mounds of this species may occur in a single locality. Sometimes damages 



bark and cambium of small trees and shrubs. Host: Formica fusca L. Often locally 



called the Allegheny mound ant. 

 Formica exsectoides Forel, 1886. Soc. Ent. de Belg., Ann. (C. R.) 30: 38. 5, 9. 

 Formica exsectoides exsectoides var. davisi Wheeler, 1913. Harvard Univ., Mus. Comp. 



Zool., Bui. 53: 396, 484. 5, 9. 

 Formica exsectoides exsectoides var. hesperia Wheeler, 1913. Harvard Univ., Mus. Comp. 



Zool., Bui. 53: 396, 484. $. 



Taxonomy: Emery, 1893. Zool. Jahrb., Abt. f. System. 7: 643, 653 (worker, male). —Wheeler, 

 1913. Harvard Univ., Mus. Comp. Zool., Bui. 53: 396, 481-483 (each caste). — Buren, 1944. 

 Iowa State Col., Jour. Sci. 18: 300. —Wheeler and Wheeler, 1953. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 46: 

 164 (larva). —Cole, 1954. Tenn. Acad. Sci., Jour. 29: 166. 



Biology: McCook, 1877. Amer. Ent. Soc., Trans. 6: 253-295. — Pierson, 1922. Jour. Forestry 

 20: 325-336. — Manter, 1925. Jour. Econ. Ent. 48: 348-351. —Andrews, 1925. Psyche 32: 

 75-87 (growth of mounds). —Andrews, 1926. Psyche 33: 127-150. —Andrews, 1929. Ent. 

 Soc. Amer., Ann. 22: 369-391 (association vdth treehoppers). —Andrews, 1929. Quart. Rev. 

 Biol. 4: 248-257. —Andrews, 1941. Sci. Monthly 43: 530-533. — Havlland, 1947. Jour. Econ. 

 Ent. 40: 413-418 (biology and control). — Schread, 1949. Jour. Econ. Ent. 42: 501. —Gregg, 

 1963. Ants of Colo., pp. 597-599. — Christensen and Quick, 1970. Iowa Acad. Sci., Proc. 77: 

 207-209. 



Morphology: Eisner and Happ, 1964. Science 134: 329-331 (haemorrhage of a coccinellid 

 beetle and its repellent effect on ants). 

 opaciventris Emery. N. Dak., Mont., Wyo., Colo., N. Mex. Ecology: May construct either 

 earthen mounds or thatched nests. 

 Formica exsectoides var. opaciventris Emery, 1893. Zool. Jahrb., Abt. f. System. 7: 643, 

 653. 5. 



Taxonomy: Wheeler, 1913. Harvard Univ., Mus. Comp. Zool., Bui. 53: 484-485 (worker, male). 

 —Gregg, 1952. Psyche 59: 14-16 (female). 



Biology: Cole, 1954. Tenn. Acad. Sci., Jour. 29: 166. — Scherba, 1961. N. Y. Ent. Soc., Jour. 69: 

 71-87 (reproduction, nest structure). —Scherba, 1963. N. Y. Ent. Soc., Jour. 71: 219-231. 

 —Wheeler and Wheeler, 1963. Ants of N. Dak., pp. 599-601. —Gregg, 1963. Ants of Colo., 

 pp. 599-601. —Scherba, 1964. N. Y. Ent. Soc., Jour. 72: 231. 

 ulkei Emery. N. S. w. to Man. s. to Ohio, Ind., 111., Iowa, N. Dak., Wyb. Ecology: The large 



mounds may be found in woods or grasslands and occasionally have a thin layer of plant 



debris on their surfaces. Host: Formica fusca L. 

 Formica ulkei Emery, 1893. Zool. Jahrb., Abt. f. System. 7: 643, 653. 5 . 

 Formica ulkei var. hebescens Wheeler, 1913. Harvard Univ., Mus. Comp. Zool., Bui. 53: 



396,487. 5. 



Taxonomy: Wheeler, 1913. Harvard Univ., Mus. Comp. Zool., Bui. 53: 396, 485^487 (each 

 caste). —Buren, 1944. Iowa State Col, Jour. Sci 18: 300. —Gregg, 1944. Ent. Soc. Amer., 

 Ann. 37: 472. —Wheeler and Wheeler, 1953. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 46: 168 (larva). 



Biology: Holmquist, 1928. Ecology 9: 70-87. — Holmquist, 1928. Physiol Zool. 1: 325-327. 

 —Park, 1929. Psyche 36: 195-215. — Dreyer and Park, 1932. Psyche 39: 127-133. 

 —Creighton, 1934. Psyche 41: 185-200. —Park, 1936. Psyche 42: 216-231. —Scherba, 1958. 

 Insectes Sociaux 5: 201-213 (reproduction, mounds). — Kannowski, 1959. Insectes Sociaux 

 6: 142-143. —Talbot, 1959. Amer. Midland Nat. 61: 128-132 (flight activities). —Scherba, 

 1959. Amer. Midland Nat. 61: 499-508 (moisture regulation in mounds). —Talbot, 1961. 



