Superfamily FORMICOIDEA 1457 



Ecology 42: 202-205 (mounds). — Scherba, 1962. Amer. Midland Nat. 67: 373-385 (mound 

 temperatures). —Wheeler and Wheeler, 1963. Ants of N. Dak., pp. 256-258. 



Morphology: Hung, 1969. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 62: 456 (chromosome number). 



Species Group Rufa 



Nests of members of this group are varied, some species build mounds and others make con- 

 siderable use of thatching. Nests are usually started beneath objects. Nest foimding females of 

 some species may behave as temporary social parasites. 



Taxonomy: Creighton, 1940. Amer. Mus. Novitates 1055: 1-10 (N. Amer. variants of Formica 

 rufa). —Creighton, 1950. Harvard Univ., Mus. Comp. Zool., Bui. 104: 472-496. 

 aterrima Cresson. Colo. Known only from the type male which has not been associated with 

 any other described form. 

 Formica aterrima Cresson, 1865. Ent. Soc. Phila., Proc. 4: 426. S. 



Taxonomy: Brown, 1947. Ent. News 58: 8-9. —Gregg, 1963. Ants of Colo., pp. 544, 546. 

 calviceps Cole. N. Mex. (Capulin Mt. Natl. Mon.). Ecology: Colony found beneath large stones 

 which were banked with detritus. 

 Formica (Formica) calviceps Cole, 1954. Tenn. Acad. Sci., Jour. 29: 164-165. 5 . 

 ciliata Mayr. Minn., N. Dak., Mont., Wyo., Colo., Utah. Ecology: Nests in meadows or open 

 woods; sometimes utilizes thatching. 

 Formica ciliata Mayr, 1886. Zool.-Bot. Gesell. Wien, Verb. 36: 428. 5. 



Taxonomy: Wheeler, 1903. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Bui. 19: 639-643 (each caste). —Wheeler, 

 1913. Harvard Univ., Mus. Comp. Zool., Bui. 53: 392-393, 452-454 (each caste). 



Biology: Wheeler, 1909. N. Y. Ent. Soc., Jour. 17: 88. —Wheeler, 1910. Ants, pp. 114, 120, 205, 

 351, 444^145, 450. —Wheeler and Wheeler, 1963. Ants of N. Dak., pp. 233-234. —Gregg, 

 1963. Ants of Colo., pp. 545-547. 

 comata Wheeler. S. Dak., Mont., Colo. Ecology: Nests under stones which are banked with 

 thatch. 

 Formica cmnata Wheeler, 1909. N. Y. Ent. Soc., Jour. 17: 85. 5, 9, 6. 



Taxonomy: Wheeler, 1913. Harvard Univ., Mus. Comp. Zool., Bui. 53: 392, 393, 454^156 (each 

 caste). —Cole, 1942. Amer. Midland Nat. 28: 376, 379 (also biological notes). 



Biology: Gregg, 1963. Ants of Colo., pp. 547-548, 550. 

 criniventris Wheeler. N. Dak., S. Dak., Mont. s. to Colo., Utah. Ecology: Found in meadows 

 and open forests where it nests tmder stones banked with thatch. 

 Formica crinita Wheeler, 1909. N. Y. Ent. Soc., Jour. 17: 87. 5, 9. Preocc. by Smith, 1858. 

 Formica criniventris Wheeler, 1912. Psyche 19: 90. N. name for crinita Wheeler. 



Taxonomy: Wheeler 1913. Harvard Univ., Mus. Comp. Zool., Bui. 53: 392, 393, 457-458. 

 —Cole, 1942. Amer. Midland Nat. 28: 376, 379. 



Biology: Wheeler, 1910. Ants, pp. 114, 444-145, 450. —Wheeler and Wheeler, 1944. N. Dak 



Hist. Quart. 11: 260. —Wheeler and Wheeler, 1963. Ants of N. Dak., pp. 234-236. —Gregg, 



1963. Ants of Colo., pp. 549-551. 

 dakotensis Emery. N. S., Ont. w. to Alaska, B. C. s. to Ohio, Iowa, N. Mex., Nev. Ecology: 

 Usually found in grasslands where it nests in earthen mounds or under stones, about 

 roots of plants, and in grass clumps banked with considerable detritus. Host: Formica 

 fusca L., F. lepida Wheeler, F. mxmiana Emery, F. pallidefulva Latreille. Some authors 

 have recognized two subspecies, dakotensis east of the Rockies and montigemi in the 

 rocldes and westward. 



Formica dakotensis Emery, 1893. Zool. Jahrb., Abt. f. System. 7: 644, 652. 5 . 



Formica fusca subpolita var. ? specularis Emery, 1893. Zool. Jahrb., Abt. f System. 7: 

 663. 9. 



Formica dacotensis var. Wasmanni Forel, 1904. Soc. Ent. de Belg., Ann. 48: 153. 5, 9, 6. 



Formica montigena Wheeler, 1904. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Bui. 20: 374. 5,9, 6. 



Formica dakotensis var. saturata Wheeler, 1917. Amer. Acad. Arts and ScL, Proc. 52: 542. 

 5. 



