1458 Hymenoptera in America North of Mexico 



Taxonomy: Wheeler, 1913. Harvard Univ., Mus. Comp. Zool, Bui. 53: 391, 393, 394, 462-465. 

 — Buren, 1944. Iowa State Col, Jour. Sci. 18: 299. —Brown, 1957. Ent. News 68: 167. 



Biology: Wheeler, 1904. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Bui. 20: 364-365. —Wheeler, 1910. Ants, pp. 

 113, 205, 444-445. —Abbott, 1926. Ent. News 37: 210-211. —Wheeler and Wheeler, 1963. 

 Ants of N. Dak., pp. 236-238. —Gregg, 1963. Ants of Colo., pp. 551-554. 



Morphology: Abbott, 1937. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 20: 117-122 (physiology). 



ferocula Wheeler. 111. (Rockford). Ecology: Type specimens were found nesting in a dry open 

 field in small crater nests. 

 Formica ferocula Wheeler, 1913. Harvard Univ., Mus. Comp. Zool, Bui. 53: 392, 461. 5. 

 fossaceps Buren. Que., Iowa, N. Dak. Ecology: Found in grasslands and wooded pastures 

 nesting under stones or fallen logs banked with thatch or in low earthen mounds 

 covered with fine thatch of grass materials. 

 Formica fossaceps Buren, 1942. Iowa State Col., Jour. Sci. 16: 402. 5 , 9 , 6. 



Biology: Buren, 1944. Iowa State Col., Jour. Sci. 18: 300, 302. —King, 1949. Iowa Acad. Sci., 

 Proc. 56: 367-370 (mixed colony with F. obscuriventris clivia). — King, 1951. Iowa Acad. 

 Sci., Proc. 58: 487-489. —King, 1952. Iowa Acad. Sci., Proc. 59: 469-474 (macropseudogynes, 

 or ? pterergates). — King and Sallee, 1957. Iowa Acad. Sci., Jour. 64: 667-669 (mixed colony 

 with F. obscuriventris clivia). — King and Sallee, 1959. Iowa Acad. Sci., Proc. 66: 472-473 

 (slave of F. rubicunda). —King and Sallee, 1962. Iowa Acad. Sci., Proc. 69: 531-539 (mixed 

 colony with F. obscuriventris clivia). — Wheeler and Wheeler, 1963. Ants of N. Dak., pp. 

 238-239. — Finnegan, 1973. Canad. Ent. 105: 441-444 (diurnal foraging activity). 

 haemorrhoidalis Emery. N. Dak., S. Dak., Colo. w. to B. C, Wash., Calif. Ecology: Found in 



areas of moderate to sparse cover where nests are usually started under logs or stones 



and later with moderate use of thatching. 

 Formica rufa Integra var. haemorrhoidalis Emery, 1893. Zool. Jahrb., Abt. f. System. 7: 



644,652. ?. 

 Formica truncicola integroides var. ravida Wheeler, 1913. Harvard Univ., Mus. Comp. 



Zool., Bui. 53: 560. 5, 9. 

 Formica truncicola integroides var. tahoensis Wheeler, 1917. Amer. Acad. Arts and Sci., 



Proc. 52: 538. 5,9. 



Taxonomy: Wheeler, 1913. Harvard Univ., Mus. Comp. Zool., Bui. 53: 392, 394, 441^42 (each 

 caste). —Cole, 1942. Amer. Midland Nat. 28: 376. —Brown, 1965. Ent. News 76: 181-186. 

 —Cole, 1956. Tenn. Acad. Sci., Jour. 3: 260. —Wheeler and Wheeler, 1963. Ants, of N. Dak, 

 p. 230 (forms B, C, and D). 



Biology: Wheeler, 1910. Ants, pp. 206, 444. — Creighton, 1940. Amer. Mus. Novitates 1055: 

 6-7. — Mallis, 1941. South. Calif. Acad. Sci., Bui. 40: 88-89. —Gregg, 1963. Ants of Colo., pp. 

 554-557, 579-581. 

 Integra Nylander. N. S. s. to Ga. w. to Mich., S. Dak., 111., Miss. Ecology: Large colonies are 

 found in open forests and woods where they nest in stumps and logs or under stones; 

 plant debris commonly covers the nest. 

 Formica integra Nylander, 1856. Ann. des Sci. Nat., Zool. 5: 62. 5. 

 Formica integra var. similis Mayr, 1886. Zool.-Bot. Gesell. Wien, Verh. 36: 425. 5 , 9 , i. 



Taxonomy: Wheeler, 1913. Harvard Univ., Mus. Comp. Zool., Bui. 53: 392, 394, 444^145 (each 

 caste). 



Biology: Wheeler, 1905. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Bui. 21: 399. —Wheeler, 1910. Ants, pp. 

 204-206, 222, 351, 444. —Davis and Bequaert, 1922. Brooklyn Ent. Soc., Bui. 17: 18-19. 

 —Creighton, 1940. Amer. Mus. Novitates 1055: 6. — Kloft, et al., 1973. Fla. Ent. 56: 67-76 

 (habitat, nest structure, polygamy, biometry). 

 integroides coloradensis Wheeler. Colo., N. Mex., Idaho, Utah. Ecology: Found in forests at 

 high elevations (mostly 8,000 to 10,000 feet); nests are started under stumps or logs and 

 later may be large and dome-shaped with extensive use of thatch. 

 Formica truncicola integroides var. coloradensis Wheeler, 1913. Harvard Univ., Mus. 

 Comp. Zool., Bui. 53: 393, 440. 5,9. 



Taxonomy: Cole, 1942. Amer. Midland Nat. 28: 377, 381. 



