1460 Hymenoptera in America North of Mexico 



distribution). —Williamson, 1973. Canad. Dept. Agr., Liberation Bui. no. 36, p. 2. (in Que.). 

 — Finnegan, 1975. Canad. Ent. 107: 1271-1274 (introduction into eastern Canada). 

 mucescens Wheeler. Colo., Utah. Ecology: Found in open areas where it nests under stones; 



moderate use is made of thatching. 

 Formica truncicola mucescens Wheeler, 1913. Harvard Univ., Mus. Comp. Zool., Bui. 53: 



392,394,442. 5, 9, <S. 



Taxonomy: Creighton, 1940. Amer. Mus. Novitates 1055: 6-7. — Cole, 1942. Amer. Midland 

 Nat. 28: 376, 380. 



Biology: Gregg, 1963. Ants of Colo., pp. 566-567. 

 obscuripes Forel. Que.; Mich., Ind., Man. w. to B. C. s. to N. Mex., Utah., Calif. Ecology: Nests 

 are found in open areas where they are usually started at the base of a plant. Extensive 

 use is made of thatching and the finished nest is a large mound of detritus. Probably 

 the most common thatching ant of the western states. Introduced into Quebec from 

 Manitoba for use as a predator of the Swaine jack pine sawfly, Neodiprkm stuainei 

 Midd. 



Formica rufa obscuripes Forel, 1886. Soc. Ent. de Belg., Ann. (C. R.) 30: 39. 5. 



Formica rufa obscuriventris var. melanotica Emery, 1893. Zool. Jahrb., Abt. f. System. 7: 

 644,650. 5. 



Formica rufa obscuriventris var. rubiginosa Emery, 1893. Zool. Jahrb., Abt. f. System. 7: 

 644, 650. "9" = 5. Preocc. by Guillou, 1841. 



Formica rufa a^gerans Wheeler, 1912. Psyche 19: 90. N. name for rubiginosa Emery. 



Taxonomy: Wheeler, 1913. Harvard Univ., Mus. Comp. Zool, Bui. 53: 392, 394, 432-433 (each 

 caste). — Creighton, 1940. Amer. Mus. Novitates 1055: 7. — Buren, 1944. Iowa State Col., 

 Jour. Sci. 18: 300. —Wheeler and Wheeler, 1953. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 46: 165-166 (larva). 



Biology: Treheme, 1915. Canad. Ent. 47: 104. — Burrill and Smith, 1919. Ohio Jour. Sci. 19: 

 286. —Cole, 1932. Psyche 39: 30-33. —Weber, 1935. Ecol. Monog. 5: 165-206 (in N. Dak.). 

 — Essig, 1926. Ins. West. No. Amer., p. 867. — Eckert and Mallis, 1937. Calif. Agr. Expt. 

 Sta. Cir. 342: 30. —Weber, 1941. Canad. Ent. 73: 140-141. —Cole, 1942. Amer. Midland Nat. 

 28: 380. —Wheeler and Wheeler, 1944. N. Dak. Hist. Quart. 11: 263-266. — SaUee and King, 

 1947. Iowa Acad. Sci., Proc. 54: 349-352. —King and Walters, 1950. Iowa Acad. Sci., Proc. 

 57: 469-47. —King and Sallee, 1953. Iowa Acad. Sci., Proc. 60: 656-659. —King and Sallee, 

 1957. Iowa Acad. Sci., Proc. 63: 721-723. —Talbot, 1959. Amer. Midland Nat. 61: 124-128 

 (flight activities). —Wheeler and Wheeler, 1963. Ants of N. Dak, pp. 240-244. —Gregg, 

 1963. Ants of Colo., pp. 566-572. —Bradley, 1972. Canad. Ent. 104: 245-249 (transplanting 

 colonies in jack pine stands in Man.). — Talbot, 1972. Kans. Ent. Soc., Jour. 45: 254-258 

 (flights and swarms). — Alpert and Akre, 1973. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 66: 753-760 

 (association with inquiline, Leptothorax diversipilosvs Smith, in Wash.). — Williamson, 

 1973. Canad. Dept. Agr., Liberation Bui. no. 36, p. 2 (introduction into Que.). 



Morphology: Hung, 1969. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 62: 456 (chromosome number). 

 obscuriventris clivia Creighton. Man., Wis., Iowa w. to B. C. s. to N. Mex., Utah. Ecology: 

 Nests in forests under logs and stones; moderate use is made of thatching. 

 Formica rufa clivia Creighton, 1940. Amer. Mus. Novitates 1055: 8, 9. 5, 9, S. 



Taxonomy: Cole, 1942. Amer. Midland Nat. 28: 377. —Buren, 1944. Iowa State Col., Jour. Sci. 

 18: 300, 302. 



Biology: King, 1949. Iowa Acad. Sci., Proc. 56: 367-370 (mixed colony with F. fossaceps 

 Buren). —King and Sallee, 1951. Iowa Acad. Sci., Proc. 58: 487^189. —King, 1955. Iowa 

 Acad. Sci., Proc. 62: 509-513 (winged workers). —King and SaUee, 1959. Iowa Acad. Sci., 

 Proc. 66: 472^73 (slave of F. rubicunda Emery). —King and Sallee, 1962. Iowa Acad. ScL, 

 Proc. 69: 531-539 (mixed colonies with F. fossaceps Buren). —Gregg, 1963. Ants of Colo., 

 pp. 574-577. 

 obscuriventris obscuriventris Mayr. Que., Maine s. to Va. w. to N. Dak., Iowa, Colo. Ecology: 

 Nests in woods and grasslands under logs and makes moderate use of thatching. 

 Formica truncicola var. obscuriventris Mayr, 1870. Zool.-Bot. (jJesell. Wien, Verb. 20: 951. 



5. 

 Formica dryas Wheeler, 1905. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist, Bui. 21: 268. P, 9. 



