Superfamily FORMICOIDEA 1417 



755-760 (flight activities). —Wheeler and Wheeler, 1963. Ants of N. Dak., pp. 151-154. 

 — Bradley and Hinks, 1968. Canad. Ent. 100: 40-50 (attending aphids on jack pine). 

 — Bradley, 1972. Canad. Ent. 104: 245-249 (transplanting colonies in jack pine stands in 

 Man.). —Bums, 1973. Canad. Ent. 105: 97-104 (foraging and tending behavior). 



Tribe TAPINOMINI 



Genus LIOMETOPUM Mayr 



Liometopum Mayr, 1861. Die Europaischen Formiciden, pp. 25, 38. 

 Type-species: Formica microcephala Panzer. Monotypic. 



A Holarctic genus found only in the western United States in the Nearctic region. The Nearc- 

 tic forms nest in the soil beneath cover or under bark or in crevices in trees and the nest cham- 

 bers are usually subdivided by a network of paperlike material. Colonies are often populous. 

 Workers forage in files sometimes several hundred feet long and commonly attend coccids and 

 aphids. They are pugnacious and eject a repellent secretion with a strong and disagreeable odor 

 like that of butyric acid. 



Revision: Wheeler, 1905. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Bui. 21: 321-333. 



Taxonomy: Wheeler and Wheeler, 1951. Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc. 53: 172, 181 (larvae). 



apiculatum Mayr. W. Tex., Colo., N. Mex., Ariz.; Mexico. Ecology: Usually in foothill areas at 

 elevations of 4000 to 7000 feet. 

 Liometopum apiculatum Mayr, 1870. Zool.-Bot. Gesell. Wien, Verh. 20: 961. 5. 



Taxonomy: Emery, 1895. Zool. Jahrb., Abt. f. System. 8: 331 (female). —Wheeler, 1905. 

 Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Bui. 21: 322-324 (each caste). —Wheeler and Wheeler, 1951. Ent. 

 Soc. Wash., Proc. 53: 181 (larva). 



Biology: Wheeler, 1905. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Bui. 21: 322-324. —Wheeler, 1917. Psyche 24: 

 177-178. —Gregg, 1963. Univ. Colo. Studies, Biol. Ser. 11, pp. 1-6. —Gregg, 1963. Ants of 

 Colo., pp. 438-441. —Van Pelt, 1971. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 64: 1186 (trophobiosis and 

 feeding habits). 

 occidentale luctuosum Wheeler. Wyo., Colo., w. Tex., w. to Ariz., Calif. Ecology: At higher 

 elevations, 4000 to 8000 feet. 

 Liometopum- apiculatum, luctuosum. Wheeler, 1905. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Bui. 21: 325. 9. 



Taxonomy: Forel, 1914. Deut. Ent. Ztschr. 6: 619 (male). —Cole, 1942. Amer. Midland Nat. 

 28: 371. 



Biology: Wheeler, 1905. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Bui. 21: 332. — Mallis, 1941. South Calif. Acad. 

 Sci., Bui. 40: 75. —Gregg, 1963. Ants of Colo., pp. 441-443. —Cole, 1966. Brigham Young 

 Univ., Sci. Bui., Biol. Ser. 7: 18 (Nevada Test Site). —Wheeler and Wheeler, 1973. Ants of 

 Deep Canyon, pp. 100-101. 

 occidentale occidentale Emery. Oreg., Calif.; Mexico. Ecology: Foimd at lower elevations, sea 

 level to 4000 feet. 

 Liometopum, microcephalum var. occidentale Emery, 1895. Zool. Jahrb., Abt. f. System. 8: 

 330. $, 9. 



Taxonomy: Wheeler, 1905. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Bui. 21: 324-325. — Eckert and Mallis, 1937. 

 Calif. Agr. Expt. Sta. Cir. 342: 8, 17. 



Biology: Wheeler, 1917. Amer. Acad. Arts and Sci., Proc. 52: 522. —Mallis, 1941. South Calif. 

 Acad. Sci., Bui. 40: 75. —Wheeler and Wheeler, 1973. Ants of Deep Canyon, p. 100. 



Genus IRIDOMYRMEX Mayr 



Iridomyrmex Mayr, 1862. Zool.-Bot. Gesell. Wien, Verh. 12: 702. 



Type-species: Formica detecta Smith. Desig. by Bingham, 1903. 

 Tapinoma subg. Dolerom.yrma Forel, 1907. Mus. Nat. Hungarici, Ann. 5: 28. 



Type-species: Tapinoma {Doleromyrma) darwinianum, Forel. Monotypic. 

 Anonychamyrma Donisthorpe, 1946. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. 13: 588. Syn. uncertain. 



Type-species: Anonychomyrma myrmex Donisthorpe. Monotypic. 



