1418 Hymenoptera in America North of Mexico 



Three of the four species of this cosmopolitan genus found in North America have been in- 

 troduced. Most species nest in the soil and some are found in buildings. Workers collect 

 honeydew but are also entomophagous. 



Revision: Mayr, 1870. Zool.-Bot. Gesell. Wien, Verh. 20: 953-960. —Smith, 1929. Jour. Econ. 

 Ent. 22: 241-243. 



Taxonomy: Wheeler and Wheeler, 1951. Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc. 53: 172, 184 (larvae). 

 —Wheeler and Wheeler, 1966. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 59: 729 (larvae). 

 glaber (Mayr). Fla. (Winter Park); Australian and Oriental regions. Ecology: Florida specimens 

 collected from a stump of queen palm, Arecastruni romanzqffianum. Probably 

 introduced. These specimens are tentatively referred to glaber since the taxonomy of 

 glaber and related species in the Old World are unstudied. 

 Hypoclinea glabra Mayr, 1862. Zool.-Bot. Gesell. Wien, Verh. 12: 705. 5, d. 



Taxonomy: Brovtm, 1958. Acta Hym. 1:40-41 (also biological notes; New Zealand; Australia). 

 —Wheeler and Wheeler, 1974 (1973). Pan-Pacific Ent. 49: 398 (larva, from Australian 

 specimens). 



humilis (Mayr). Md. to Fla. w. to 111., Tex., Ariz., Calif.; Mexico, S. Amer.; Europe; S. Africa; 

 Hawaii; Australia. Ecology: Nests in soil, rotting wood or debris and lives in large 

 colonies that contain many females. Workers forage in files and tend 

 honeydew-excreting insects though they also feed on other sweet substances. A most 

 persistent and troublesome house-infesting ant; also known to steal seeds from 

 seedbeds, drive poultry from their nests, kiU newly hatched chickens, foster 

 honeydew-excreting insects, disrupt bee hives, and gnaw into ripened fruits. Introduced, 

 native to S. Amer. and spread to the U. S. and other parts of the world by commerce; 

 probably introduced first into New Orleans on coffee ships from Brazil sometime prior 

 to 1891. Argentine ant. 

 Hypoclinea {Iridomyrmex) humilis Mayr, 1868. Soc. Nat. Modena, Ann. 3: 164. 9 . 



Taxonomy: Wheeler, 1913. In Newell and Barber, U. S. Dept. Agr. Bur. Ent. Bui. 122: 27-30 

 (each caste). —Smith, 1929. Jour. Econ. Ent. 22: 241. —Wheeler and Wheeler, 1951. Ent. 

 Soc. Wash., Proc. 53: 186 (larva). —Wheeler and Wheeler, 1966. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 59: 

 729 (larva). —Wilson and Taylor, 1967. Pacific Ins. Monog. 14: 79-80 (Polynesia). 



Biology: Newell, 1909. Jour. Econ. Ent. 2: 174-192 (life history). —Newell and Barber, 1913. 

 U. S. Dept. Agr. Bur. Ent., Bui. 122: 1-98. — Gallardo, 1915. Buenos Aires Mus. Nac. de 

 Hist. Nat., An. 27: 23-25. —Barber, 1920. U. S. Dept. Agr. Farmers' Bui. 1101: 1-11. 

 — Woglum and Borden, 1921. U. S. Dept. Agr. Bui. 965: 1-43. — Hamed and Smith, 1922. 

 Jour. Econ. Ent. 15: 261-264. — Essig, 1926. Ins. of West. N. Amer., pp. 865-866. —Smith, 

 1936. U. S. Dept. Agr. Cir. 387: 1-39. — Mallis, 1942. Sci. Monthly 55: 536-545 (half a 

 century with the Argentine ant). —Flanders, 1943. Calif. Citrograph 28: 117, 128, 137 

 (Argentine ant versus parasites of black scale). — McCluskey, 1958. Science 128: 536-537 

 (daily rhythm in male Argentine ant). — Skaife, 1962. The Study of Ants, p. 12. — Pavan, 

 1963. Pavia Univ., Sympos. (Jenet. et Biol. Ital. 12: 122-131. — HasWns and Haskins, 1965. 

 Ecology 46: 737 (extension of range in Bermuda at expense of Pheidole megacephala (F.)). 

 —Smith, 1965. U. S. Dept. Agr., Tech. Bui. 1326, pp. 52-54 (economic importance). 

 — Markin, 1968. Kans. Ent. Soc., Jour. 41: 511-516 (study in citrus groves in Calif.). 

 — Markin and McCoy, 1968. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 61: 505-509 (a nematode in pharyngeal 

 glands). — Markin, 1969. Insectes Sociaux 16: 159-190 (food distribution in laboratory 

 colonies). — Dechene, 1970. Wasmann Jour. BioL 28: 175-184 (behavioral patterns). 

 — Fluker and Beardsley, 1970. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 63: 1290-1296 (ecological notes, in 

 Hawaii). — Markin, 1970. Jour. Econ. Ent. 63: 740-744 (foraging behavior in Calif, citrus 

 groves). —Markin, 1970. Insectes Sociaux 17: 127-158. —Markin, 1970. Ent. Soc. Amer., 

 Ann. 63: 1238-1242 (seasonal life cycle in S. Calif.). — Erickson, 1971. Psyche 78: 257-266 

 (displacement of native ant spp. by Argentine ant). 



Morphology: Pavan, 1950 (1948). 8th Intemat. Cong. Ent., Proc., Stockholm, pp. 863-865 

 (physiology). —Pavan, 1955. Soc. Ital. di Sci. Nat. Atti 94: 379-477. —Weber, 1961. Ent. 

 Soc. Wash., Proc. 63: 218 (use of poison). — Torossian, 1961. Insectes Sociaux 8: 189-191. 

 —Nachtwey, 1963. Insectes Sociaux 10: 50-53. 



