Superfamily VESPOIDEA 1511 



Fabricius, orig. desig.)— apachus, bellicosus, Carolina, dorsalis, flavus, fuscatus, metricus and 

 perplexus. 



Polistes subg. Palisotius Richards, 1973, pp. 95, 100 (type-species, Polistes major Beauvois, 

 orig. desig.)— ?Hajor. 



Polistes subg. Onerarius Richards, 1973, pp. 94, 101 (type-species, Vespa camifex Fabricius, 

 orig. desig.)— car>n/ex. 



Polistes subg. Polistarchus Richards, 1973, pp. 94, 101 (type-species, Vespa canadensis Lin- 

 naeus, orig. desig.)— awwM/aWs, canadensis, exclamans and iyistabilis. 



Polistes subg. Epicnemius Richards, 1973, pp. 96, 102 (type-species, Polistes bicolor Lepeleti- 

 er, orig. desig.)-paci/i!CMs. 



The typical subgenus does not occur in North America. 



In the extensive series of papers listed below, Rau consistently used two misidentifications: 

 pallipes for the taxon now recognized as metricus, and variatiis for the taxon now recognized as 

 typical fuscatus; he also used rubiginosus for Carolina, a senior synonym. 



Revision: Bequaert, 1937. Arch. Inst. Biol. Veg., Rio de Janeiro 3: 171-205 (New World taxa 

 of Gallicus and Bicolor species groups). —Bequaert, 1940. N. Y. Ent. Soc, Joiir. 48: 1-31 

 (N. Amer. taxa). —Bequaert, 1943. Ent. Venezolana, Bol. 2: 107-124 (New World vars. of 

 canadensis (L.)). — Snelling, 1955. Amer. Mus. Novitates 1701: 1-9 (subspp. oi major 

 Beauv. and exclamans Vier.). 



Taxonomy: Enteman, 1904. Carnegie Inst. Wash., Pub. 19: 1-88, 6 pis., 27 figs, (coloration). 

 —Rau, 1942. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 35: 335-338 (behavioral characters of Carolina, f. 

 fuscatus, metricus). —Richards, 1973. Rev. Ent. Brasil. 17: 85-103, 12 figs, (classification 

 of subgenera). —Snelling, 1974. Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc. 76: 476-479 (status of some N. 

 Amer. taxa). 



Biology: Rau, 1928. Biol. Bui. 54: 503-519 (honey-gathering by annularis, f fuscatus, 

 metricus). —Rau, 1928. Psyche 35: 147-150, 4 figs, (modification of nests by Carolina, 

 annularis, metricus). —Rau, 1928. Brooklyn Ent. Soc, Bui. 23: 230-235 (hibernation, 

 colony founding by annularis, metricus). — Duncan, 1928. Pan-Pacific Ent. 5: 90 (building 

 material). —Rau, 1928. Psyche 35: 151-152 (reconstruction of destroyed nests by/. 

 fuscatus, metricus). —Rau, 1929. Ecology 10: 191-200, 4 figs, (nesting habitat of 

 annularis, Carolina, f. fuscatus, metricus). —Rau, 1930. Compar. Psychol., Jour. 10: 

 267-286 (interspecific animosity and tolerance in workers o{ f. fuscatus, metriciis, 

 annularis). —Rau, 1930. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 23: 461-466 (hibernation behavior of 

 Carolina, f fuscatus, metricus, annularis). —Rau, 1931. Ecology 12: 690-693 (use of water 

 by anmdaris, metricus, f. fuscatus, Carolina). —Rau, 1931. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 24: 

 515-518 (hibernation behavior of annularis, metricus). —Rau, 1939. Compar. Psychol., 

 Jour. 27: 259-269 (inter- and intraspecific animosity and tolerance of female annularis, f. 

 fuscatus, metricus). —Rau, 1939. Ecology 20: 439-442 (population and caste studies of 

 metricus, f. fuscatus, annularis). —Rau, 1941. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 34: 355-366 

 (parasites of Carolina, anmdaris, metricus, f. fuscatus). — Rau, 1941. Ent. Soc. Amer., 

 Ann. 34: 580-584 (swarming oi annularis, f. fuscatus, metricus). —Rau, 1946. Ent. Soc. 

 Amer., Ann. 39: 11-27 (nest and cell size off. fuscatus, metricus). — Rabb and Lawson, 

 1957. Econ. Ent., Jour. 50: 778-784, 2 figs, (predation on tobacco hornworm in N. C. by e. 

 exclamans, f fuscatus). —Rabb, 1960. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 53: 111-121 (nest founding, 

 life history, adult and larval food, prey, foraging, parasites in N. C. in f. fuscatus, 

 annularis, e. exclamans, metricus, d. dorsalis, Carolina). —West, 1967. Science 157: 

 1584-1585 (female dominancy hierarchies in canadensis, fuscatus). —Nelson, 1968. Ent. 

 Soc. Amer., Ann. 61: 1528-1539, 3 figs, (parasites, symbionts). — Eberhard, 1969. Mich. 

 Univ., Mus. ZooL, Misc. Pub. 140: 1-101, 23 figs, (social biology of f fuscatus, canadensis 

 erythrocephalus Latr., c. infiiscatus Lep.). — Kirkton, 1970. Tall Timbers Conf., Proc. 2: 

 243-245 (population management in Ark.). — Gillaspy, 1971. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 64: 

 1357-1361, 4 figs, (population management in Tex., Calif.). —Gillaspy, 1973. Amer. Midland 

 Nat. 90: 1-12, 5 figs, (behavior of metricus, annularis, major, bellicosus, exclamans, 

 apachus, Carolina in artificial nesting sites). 

 annularis (Linnaeus). Conn, to Fla., west to S. Dak. and central Tex. Ecology: Nests 



suspended from twigs and branches of shrubs and trees in exposed situations, and 



