1512 Hymenoptera in America North of Mexico 



occasionally in sheltered sites on buildings. Parasite: Xenos pallidus Brues; Sarcophaga 

 sp.; Apanteles carpatus (Say); Pachysomoides fulvus (Cr.), P. stupidiis (Cr.); Elasmus 

 polistis Burks. Prey: Halisidota tessellaris (Sm.), Hyphantria cunea (Dru.); Anisota 

 virginiensis (Dru.), A. senatoria (Sm.), A. stigma (F.), Citheronia regalis (F.); 

 Geometridae spp.; Limacodidae sp.; Hemerocampa leucostigma (Sm.); Datana spp., 

 Heterocampa manteo (Dbldy.), H. spp., Nadata gibbosa (Grt.), Pendea angulosa (A. and 

 S.), Schizura leptinoides (Grt.), S. spp.; Basilarchia sp.; Psilocorsis sp.; Acronicta 

 afflicta Grt., A. retardata (Wlkr.), A. spp. Autograpka sp., Catocala sp., Heliothis zea 

 (Boddie), Hypsoropha homios Hbn., Phosphila turbulente (Hbn.); Tropaea iuna (L.); 

 Ampeloeca myron (Cram.), Cressonia juglandis (A. and S.), Protoparce sexta (Johan.); 

 prey is usually obtained in wooded areas. Predator: Dicymolomia pegasalis (Wlkr.), 

 Chalcoela iphitalis Wlkr. 



Vespa annularis Linnaeus, 1763. Centuria Ins. Rar., p. 30. 



Vespa cincta Drury, 1773. Illus. Nat. Hist., Index to pt. 1 published with pt. 2. 



Biology: Fox, 1896. Ent. News 7: 57 (nest). — Brimley, 1908. Ent. News 19: 107 (male 

 hibernation). — Rau and Rau, 1918. Wasp Studies Afield, pp. 283-290, fig. 52 (hibernation, 

 colony founding). —Rau, 1930. Canad. Ent. 62: 81-83 (hibernation mortality). —Rau, 1930. 

 Canad. Ent. 62: 119-120 (behavior on nest). —Rau, 1931. Brooklyn Ent. Soc, Bui. 26: 

 116-118, fig. 5 (nest). —Rau, 1940. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 33: 617-620 (cooperative nest 

 founding). —Rau, 1942. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 35: 94-96 (temperature inducing 

 hibernation). — Balduf, 1961. Ent. News 72: 259-260 (autumnal swarming). —Hermann and 

 Dirks, 1974. Ga. Ent. Soc, Jour. 9: 1-8, 3 figs, (smearing on nest by sternal glands). 

 —Hermann, Gerling and Dirks, 1974. Ga. Ent. Soc, Jour. 9: 203-204 (hibernation, spring 

 mating). —Hermann and Dirks, 1975. Psyche 82: 97-108 (spring nesting behavior). 



Morphology: Snodgrass, 1941. Smithsn. Inst., Misc. Collect. 99 (14): 48-49, figs. 16 I-P (male 



genitalia). —Hunt and Hermann, 1971. Ga. Ent. Soc, Jour. 5: 210-216, 2 figs, (poison 



apparatus). 

 apachus Saussure. Western Kans. and Tex., to southern Colo., introduced into Calif.; Mexico 

 (Nuevo Leon, San Luis Potosi, Coahuila, Sonora, Durango). Ecology: Nests suspended 

 from branches, usually at tops of low trees. Parasite: Pachysomoides fulvus Cr.; 

 Sarcophaga sp.; Xenos peckii Kby. Predator: Chalcoela iphitalis Wlkr. This is commonly 

 called the Apache wasp in California where it is a pest in fig trees. 



Polistes apachus Saussure, 1857. Soc. Ent. France, Ann. (3) 5: 314. 



Polistes texanus Cresson, 1872. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 4: 246. 6,9. 



Biology: Rau, 1943. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 36: 522, fig. 15 (nest). —Simmons, Fisher and 

 Tyler, 1948. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 41: 450-455, 1 pi. (nest, life history). — Snelling, 1952. 

 Pan-Pacific Ent. 28: 177 (hibernation). 

 canadensis (Linnaeus). Southern Ariz, to Peru, Bolivia and Paraguay. Ecology: Nests in trees, 

 culverts and under eaves of buildings. 

 Vespa canadensis Linnaeus, 1758. Syst. Nat., ed. 10, v. 1, p. 574. 



Biology: Rau, 1943. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 36: 524, fig. 11 (nest). 

 carnifex carnifex (Fabricius). South. Tex., Ariz. (Nogales); Mexico to Argentina. Ecology: 

 Nests under eaves, in culverts and in shrubby trees. Other subspecies occur in South 

 America. 

 Vespa carnifex Fabricius, 1775. Syst. Ent., p. 365. 9. 

 Polistes onerata Lepeletier, 1836. Hist. Nat. Ins., Hym. 1: 524. i. 

 Polistes valida Say, 1837. Boston Jour. Nat. Hist. 1: 389. 9,6. 

 Polistes transverso-strigata Spinola, 1851. Accad. Sci. Torino, Mem. (2) 13: 78. 9. 



Biology: Rau, 1943. Ent. Soc Amer., Ann. 36: 521, figs. 3, 4 (nest). —Corn, 1973 (1972). 

 Psyche 79: 150-157, 2 figs, (nest, behavior). 

 Carolina (Linnaeus). Eastern U. S., Pa. to Fla., west to Kans. and central Tex. Ecology: Nests 

 in very sheltered situations, such as in hollow trees or in sidings of houses. Parasite: 

 Xenos nigrescens Brues, X. rubiginosi (Pierce); Pachysomoides fulvus (Cr.). Predator: 

 Dicymolomia pegasalis (Wlkr.); Chalcoela iphitalis Wlkr. P. Carolina (L.) has been 



