Superfamily VESPOIDEA 1515 



Morphology: Marshall and Dernehl, 1905. Ztschr. f. Wiss. Biol. 80: 122-154, 2 pis. 

 (embryology). —Marshall, 1907. Ztschr. f. Wiss. Biol. 86: 173-213, 3 pis. (embryology). 

 fuscatus laurentianus Bequaert. Que., Ont., Mich. 



Polistes fuscatus laiirentianus Bequaert, 1942. Canad. Ent. 74: 159. 6, 9. 

 instabilis Saussure. South. Tex.; Mexico to Costa Rica. Ecology: Nests in trees, in culverts, 

 under bridges and overhanging rocks. Predator: Chalcoela iphitalis Wlkr. 

 Polistes instabilis Saussure, 1853. Etudes sur la famille des Vespides, v. 2, p. 91, pi. 10, fig. 

 2, pi. 11, fig. 1. 5. 



Biology: Rau, 1943. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 36: 524-525, figs. 5, 6, 13 (nest). 

 kaibabensis Hayward. Ariz. (Grand Canyon), southern Utah. 



Polistes cmiadensis var. kaibabensis Hayward, 1932. Utah Acad. Sci., Proc. 9: 89. S, 9. 

 major castaneicolor Bequaert. Southern N. Mex. and Ariz.; Mexico (Baja California, Sonera, 

 Chihuahua, Jalisco), Colombia. 

 Polistes major var. castaneicolor Bequaert, 1936. Ent. News 47: 12. 9, i. 

 major major Beauvois. Southern Fla., Tex., N. Mex. and Ariz.; Mexico south to Brazil; Antilles. 

 Ecology: Nests in shrubbery, in culverts and beneath eaves. Parasite: Elasmus polistis 

 Burks. Predator: Chalcoela iphitalis Wlkr. 

 Polistes Major Beauvois, 1818. Ins. Afr., Amer., p. 206. 

 Polistes major bakeri Bequaert, 1940. N. Y. Ent. Soc, Jour. 48: 15. i, 9. 



Biology: Rau, 1943. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 36: 522, fig. 12 (nest). 

 major palmarum Bequaert. Southern Calif.; Mexico (Baja California). 



Polistes major var. palmanim Bequaert, 1936. Ent. News 47: 11. 9. 

 metricus Say. Eastern U. S. from N. Y. to Fla., west to Nebr., Okla. and Tex. Ecology: Nests 

 in shrubbery. Parasite: Xenos peckii Kby.; Sarcophaga polistensis Hall, S. sp.; 

 Sphecophaga vesparum hurra (Cr.); Pachysomoides fulvus (Cr.). Predator: 

 Dicymolomia pegasalis (Wlkr.), Chalcoela iphitalis Wlkr. 

 Polistes metrica Say, 1831. Indiana: School Press, New Harmony, p. 15. 



Taxonomy: Rau, 1929. Psyche 36: 34-36 (color variation). 



Biology: Turner, 1912. Psyche 19: 184-190 (orphan nest, feeding, homing, hunting). — Pellett, 

 1916. Iowa Acad. Sci., Proc. 23: 275-284 (life history, behavior in lab.). —Rau and Rau, 

 1918. Wasp Studies Afield, pp. 244-280, 291-294 (homing experiments with female, worker; 

 nest sites). —Rau, 1928. Psyche 35: 153-156 (trophallaxis). —Rau, 1929. Canad. Ent. 61: 

 25-30 (feeding experiments). —Rau, 1929. Ent. News 40: 226-232, 256-259 (orphan nests). 

 —Rau, 1930. Canad. Ent. 62: 143-147, 2 figs, (life history, nest destruction). —Rau, 1931. 

 Brooklyn Ent. Soc, Bui. 26: 111-113 (nest, nest site). —Rau, 1935. Ent. News 46: 25-27 

 (female duties). —Madden and Chamberlain, 1938. Jour. Econ. Ent. 31: 705 (as predator). 

 —Hermann, Gerling and Dirks, 1974. Ga. Ent. Soc, Jour. 9: 203-204 (hibernation). In these 

 papers Rau cited metncus as pallipes. 

 pacificus pacificus Fabricius. South. Tex. to South America. Other subspp. occur in Central 

 and South America. 

 Polistes pacifica Fabricius, 1805. Systema Piezatorum, p. 274. 9 . 



Taxonomy: Bequaert, 1937. Inst. Biol. Veget. Arch. 3: 196. 

 perplexus Cresson. Md. to Ga., west to southern 111., Kans., Okla. and Tex. P. perplexus Cr. has 

 been confused with Carolina (L.) in the past. Some of the parasite-predator records and 

 biological references listed under the latter species may actually refer to perplexus. 

 Polistes perplexus Cresson, 1870. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 4: 245. i. 

 Polistes generosus Cresson, 1870. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 4: 246. 6. 



Unplaced Taxon of Polistes Latreille 



nigripennis (DeGeer). Pa. 



Vespa nigripennis Degeer, 1773. Mem. Serv. Hist, des Ins., v. 3, p. 582, pi. 29, fig. 10. 

 Bequaert suggested that this was possibly the same as rubiginosus {^Carolina). 



