1466 Hymenoptera in America North of Mexico 



Biology: Wheeler, 1906. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Bui. 22: 85. —Wheeler, 1908. Amer. Mus. Nat. 

 Hist, Bui. 24: 623, 631-633. —Wheeler, 1910. Ants, pp. 458-460, 468. —Wheeler, 1917. 

 Harvard Univ., Mus. Comp. Zool., Bui. 61: 19. —Cole, 1942. Amer. Midland Nat. 28: 378. 

 —Gregg, 1947. Colo. Univ. Studies 2: 393. —Wheeler and Wheeler, 1963. Ants of N. Dak., 

 pp. 223-225. —Gregg, 1963. Ants of Colo., pp. 618-621. —Chapman, 1957. Canad. Ent. 89: 

 392 (swarming on mountain tops). — Finnegan, 1973. Canad. Ent. 105: 441-444 (diurnal 

 foraging activity). 

 wheeleri Creighton. N. Dak., Colo., N. Mex., Utah, Ariz. Host: Formica altipetens Wheeler, F. 



bradleyi Wheeler, F. fusca L., F. lasioides Emery, F. lepida Wheeler, F. neogagates 



Emery, F. neorufibarbis Emery. 

 Formica wheeleri Creighton, 1935. Amer. Mus. Novitates 773: 1-5. 5,9. 



Taxonomy: Wilson and Brown, 1955. Psyche 62: 125-126. — Buren, 1968. Ga. Ent. Soc., Jour. 

 3: 31-32. 



Biology: Cole, 1942. Amer. Midland Nat. 28: 376, 378. —Cole, 1954. Tenn. Acad. Sci., Jour. 29: 

 104. — WUson, 1955. Psyche 62: 130-133. —Wheeler and Wheeler, 1963. Ants of N. Dak., 

 pp. 227-228. —Gregg, 1963. Ants of Colo., pp. 623-625. — Halverson, et al., 1976. Kans. Ent. 

 Soc, Jour. 49: 299 (bradleyi as slave). 



Genus POLYERGUS Latreille 



Polyergus Latreille, 1804. Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., v. 24, p. 179. 

 Type-species: Formica rufescens Latreille. Monotypic. 



The species of this genus are obligatory or true slave-making ants. In nest founding, the 

 female enters a nest of the host species, eventually kills the rightful queen, and uses the host 

 workers to tend her brood. A colony of Polyergus will conduct slave raids on nests of species of 

 Formica, and workers of the host are taken and used by the Polyergtis colony to feed and rear 

 the brood and excavate the nest. 



Revision: Smith, 1947. Amer. Midland Nat. 38: 150-161. 



Taxonomy: Wheeler, 1968. Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc. 70: 156-164 (male genitalia and taxonomy). 



Morphology: Forbes and Brassel, 1962. N. Y. Ent. Soc., Jour. 70: 79-87 (male genitalia and 

 terminal segments). 

 breviceps Emery. Ont., Mich. w. to B. C. s. to Ind., 111., Mo., Kans., N. Mex., Ariz., Calif. Host: 



Formica altipetens Wheeler, F. argentea Wheeler, F. fusca L., F. lepida Wheeler, F. 



montana Emery, F. neoclara Emery, F. neorufibarbis Emery, F. pallidefulva 



nitidiventris Emery, F. schaufussi schaufussi Mayr, F. subpolita Mayr. 

 Polyergtis rufescens breviceps Emery, 1893. Zool. Jahrb., Abt. f. System. 7: 666. 5 . 

 Polyergus rufescens bicolor Wasmann, 1901. Allg. Ztschr. f. Ent. 6: 369. 5, 9, 6. 

 Polyergus rufescens breviceps var. Silvestrii Santschi, 1909. Soc. Ent. Ital., Bol. 41: 7. 5, 



6. 

 Polyergus rufescens breviceps var. montezuma Wheeler, 1914. N. Y. Ent. Soc., Jour. 22: 56. 



5, 9,cJ. 

 Polyergus rufescens breviceps var. umbratus Wheeler, 1915. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Bui. 



34:419. 5. 

 Polyergus rufescens laeviceps Wheeler, 1915. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Bui. 34: 420. $ . 

 Polyergus rufescens breviceps var. fusciventris Wheeler, 1917. Amer. Acad. Arts and Sci., 



Proc. 52: 555. 5 . 



Taxonomy: Cole, 1942. Amer. Midland Nat. 28: 385. —Buren, 1944. Iowa State CoL, Jour. Sci. 

 18: 310. —Smith, 1947. Amer. Midland Nat. 38: 152, 157-159, 161. —Wheeler, 1968. Ent. 

 Soc. Wash., Proc. 70: 156-164. —Wheeler and Wheeler, 1968. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 61: 214 

 (larva, as rufescens). 



Biology: Wheeler, 1910. Ants, pp. 475^182. —Wheeler, 1916. N. Y. Ent. Soc., Jour. 24: 107-118. 

 —Smith, 1928. N. Y. Ent. Soc., Jour. 36: 329-333. — Mallis, 1941. South. Calif. Acad. Sci., 

 Bui. 40: 82. —Wheeler and Wheeler, 1944. N. Dak Hist. Quart. 11: 260. —Gregg, 1946. 

 Amer. Midland Nat. 35: 754. —Wheeler and Wheeler, 1963. Ants of N. Dak., pp. 275-277. 



