Superfamily FORMICOIDEA 1383 



Biology: Wheeler, 1905. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Bui. 21:274, 377. — Marlatt, 1922. U. S. Dept. 

 Agr., Farmers' Bui. 740:4, 10. — Eckert and MaUis, 1937. Calif. Agr. Expt. Sta., Cir. 342:23. 

 —Dennis, 1938. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 31:271, 272, 274, 279-280. — Metcalf and Flint, 1939. 

 Destructive and Useful Insects, p. 770. —Gregg, 1944. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 37:454,456, 

 466. —Wheeler and Wheeler, 1963. Ants of N. Dak., pp. 133-135. —Gregg, 1963. Ants of 

 Colo., pp. 366-368. —Bums, 1964. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 57:138 (association with tuliptree 

 scale). —Smith, 1965. U. S. Dept. Agr., Tech. Bui. 1326:33-34 (economic importance). 

 —Wheeler and Wheeler, 1973. Ants of Deep Canyon, pp. 89-90. 

 pergandei (Emery). D. C. Ecology: Supposedly workerless and parasitic. The host colony 



contained only winged males and winged females. Host: Monomorium minimum 



(Buckley). 

 Epoecus pergandei Emery, 1892. Soc. Ent. de France, Bui. 61: CCLXXVI. 9,6. 



Taxonomy: Emery, 1895. Zool. Jahrb., Abt. f. System. 8:272-274. —Wheeler, 1910. Ants, p. 



498. —Smith, 1947. Amer. Midland Nat. 37:569 (female). — Ettershank, 1966. Austral. Jour. 



Zool. 14:82, 91. 

 pharaonis (Linnaeus). Fla., throughout U. S. and Canada in larger cities; cosmopolitan. 



Ecology: Not uniformly distributed; adapted to field conditions only in Florida but 

 probably found in every town or city of commercial importance especially in hotels, 

 large apartment buildings, groceries, or other places where food is commercially 

 handled. Colonies are populous and are commonly found in the most inaccessible places 

 in buildings. They breed continuously through the year and take 38 to 42 days to 

 develop. They may feed on various household foods, damage silk, rayon and rubber 

 goods and are also known to damage insect collections. This is the most persistent and 

 difficult of all our house-infesting ants to control or eradicate. Introduced, probably 

 originating from Africa or tropical Asia. Pharaoh ant. 



Formica Pharaonis Linnaeus, 1758. Syst. Nat., Ed. 10:580. 



Taxonomy: Emery, 1908. Deut. Ent. Ztschr., pp. 664-665, 667, 684 (each caste). 



— Donisthorpe, 1927. British Ants, p. 104. — Buren, 1944. Iowa State Col, Jour. Sci. 18:289. 

 —Wheeler and Wheeler, 1955. Amer. Midland Nat. 54:121 (larva). —Wheeler and Wheeler, 

 1960. Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc. 62: 16 (larva). —Wilson and Taylor, 1967. Pacific Ins. Monog. 

 14:68-60. 



Biology: BeUevoye, 1889. U. S. Dept. Agr., Insect Life 2:230-233 (in 2 years, 1,360,000 

 workers, 1,900 females, and 560 males taken on same premises). — Herrick, 1914. Insects 

 Injurious to the Household and Annoying to Man, pp. 174-176. — Essig, 1926. Insects of 

 West. N. Amer., p. 857. —Metcalf and Flint, 1939. Destructive and Useful Insects, p. 770. 

 —Smith, 1934. Kans. Acad. Sci., Trans. 37:140-142. — Armand, 1942. Pests 10:18-19 

 (thermal preference as guide to control work). — Peacock and Baxter, 1949. Ent. Monthly 

 Mag. 85:256. —Peacock, 1950. Ent. Monthly Mag. 86:129. —Peacock and Baxter, 1950. Ent. 

 Monthly Mag. 86:171-178 (life history). —Peacock, 1950. Ent. Monthly Mag. 86:294. 

 —Peacock, et al., 1950. Scot. Dept. Agr., Misc. Pub. 17:1-50 (biology and control). 

 —Peacock, 1951. Ent. Monthly Mag. 87:185-191. —Sudd, 1953. Advancement of Sci. (Brit.) 

 10:17-18 (colony foundation). —Peacock, et al., 1954. Ent. Monthly Mag. 90:154-158 (male 

 production by parthenogenesis). —Peacock, et al., 1955. Ent. Monthly Mag. 91:125, 130. 

 —Peacock, et al., 1955. Ent. Monthly Mag. 91:37-42 (viability in regard to temperature 

 and moisture). —Brown, 1958. Acta Hym. 1:36. —Wheeler and Wheeler, 1963. Ants of N. 

 Dak, pp. 135-136. —Brown, 1964. Ent. News 75:14-15. — Eichler, 1963. Deut. Ent. Ztschr. 

 10:207-215. —Smith, 1965. U. S. Dept. Agr., Tech. Bui. 1326:34-36 (economic importance). 

 — Wisniewski, Myjak, and Przyborowsld, 1971. Polskie Pismo Ent. 61:459-474 (biology, in 

 Poland). —Petersen and Buschinger, 1971. Anz. f. Schadlingsk. u. Pflanzensch. 44:121-127 

 (behavior). —Petersen and Buschinger, 1971. Ztschr. f. Angew. Ent. 68:168-175 (behavior 

 of sexuals). 



Morphology: Tanquary, 1913. 111. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Bui. 9:443-453 (physiology). —Hall 

 and Smith, 1951. Ent. Monthly Mag. 87:217: — HaU and Smith, 1952. Ent. Monthly Mag. 

 88:97-102 (thoracic structure). —Hall and Smith, 1953. Evolution 7:127. —HaU and Smith, 

 1954. Ent. Monthly Mag. 90:176-182 (somatic mosaics). —Smith and Peacock, 1957. Roy. 

 Soc. Edinb., Proc., Section B, 66:235-261 (cytology). 



