1386 Hymenoptera in America North of Mexico 



Solenopsis geminata var. diabola Wheeler, 1908. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Bui. 24:424. 5 , 'U, 

 S. 



Taxonomy: Wheeler and Wheeler, 1955. Amer. Midland Nat. 54:132-133 (larva). — Snelling, 

 1963. Calif. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent., Occas. Papers No. 3:7-9. —Wilson and Taylor, 1967. 

 Pacific Ins. Monog. 14:58-59. 



Biology: Mann, 1920. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Bui. 42:427. — Marlatt, 1928. U. S. Dept. Agr., 

 Farmers' Bui. 740:5. — Neig, 1930. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc, Jour. 34:185. —Clark, 1931. 

 Tex. Agr. Expt. Sta. Bui. 435:1-12. —Cole, 1934. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 27:395. — PhiUips, 

 1934. (Hawaii Univ.) Expt. Sta. Pineapple Prod. Coop. Assoc, Bui. 15:12-17. —Smith, 1936. 

 Puerto Rico Univ., Jour. Agr. 20:838-839. —Plank and Smith, 1940. Puerto Rico Univ., 

 Jour. Agr. 24:49-76. —Travis, 1941. Fla. Ent. 24:15-22. —Griffiths, 1942. Science 96:271-272. 

 — Lindquist, 1942. Jour. Econ. Ent. 35:850-851. — Kempf, 1961. Studia Ent. 4:507. —Smith, 

 1965. U. S. Dept. Agr., Tech. Bui. 1326:40-41 (economic importance). —Banks, Plumley, and 

 Hicks, 1973. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 66:234-235 (polygyny in a colony). —Bass and Hays, 

 1976. Ga. Ent. Soc, Jour. 11: 34-36 (in S. C). 

 globularia littoralis Creighton. N. C. s. to Fla., w. to La.; Mexico. Ecology: Commonly found 



on open beaches; nests are constructed in or vmder rotten logs. S. globularia globularia 



(Smith) occurs in Central and S. Amer. 

 Solenopsis (.Euophthalma) globularia littoralis Creighton, 1930. Amer. Acad. Arts and 



Sci., Proc 66:110, 113. 5, 9, 6. 

 Solenopsis globularia mobilensis Smith, 1931. Ent. News 42:20. 5 . Nomen nudum. 



Taxonomy: Wheeler and Wheeler, 1960. Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc. 62:22 (larva). 

 Biology: Smith, 1931. Ent. News 42:20. —Smith, 1933. Fla. Ent. 17:23. 

 huachucana Wheeler. Ariz. (Miller Canyon, Huachuca Mtns.). 



Solenopsis huachucana Wheeler, 1915. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Bui. 34:393. 5,9. 



Taxonomy: Creighton, 1930. Amer. Acad. Arts and Sci., Proc. 66:118-120. 

 invicta Buren. N. C, S. C, Ga., Fla., Tenn., Ala., Miss., Ark., La., Tex.; Brazil. Ecology: The 

 most widespread of the two imported fire ants and the most economically important 

 being an annoying and sometimes destructful pest. The mound nests are unsightly and 

 sometimes interfere with agricultural operations; workers are agressive and can inflict a 

 painful sting; workers steal seeds from seedbeds and feed on germinating seeds of com, 

 may gnaw holes in various fabrics, foster honeydew excreting insects, injure or kill 

 young rabbits, pigs, and other mammals, quail and other birds, gnaw into roots, stems, 

 buds, and fruits of various agricultural crops, and may girdle young plants. Introduced, 

 probably originating from Mato Grosso, Brazil; the earliest U. S. record is 1945 from 

 Daphne, Ala. Red imported fire ant. Because of the recent distinction of two introduced 

 species in the U. S., it is difficult to determine whether much of the literature pertains 

 to this species or S. richteri. Only selected references are given below; for a 

 bibliography through 1971 see U. S. Dept. Agr., Coop. Econ. Ins. Rpt., 1971, Sept., 21 

 (36): 639-652. Much of the literature is under the name S. saevissima richteri Forel. 

 Solenopsis invica (!) Buren, 1972. Ga. Ent. Soc, Jour. 7:9-15. 5, 9, 6. 



Taxonomy: Wilson, 1951. Evolution 5:68-79. —Wilson, 1952. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz, Mem. 

 50:49-68. —Wilson, 1953. Evolution 7:262-263. —Brown, 1957. Quart. Rev. Biol. 32:258-261. 

 — Wilson and Brown, 1958. Evolution 12:211-218 (morphological changes in introduced 

 population). —Snelling, 1963. Calif. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent., Occas. Papers No. 3:10. —Buren, 

 1972. Ga- Ent. Soc, Jour. 7:9-15. —Buren, et. al., 1974. N. Y. Ent. Soc, Jour. 82: 113-124 

 (zoogeography of the imported fire ants). 



Biology: WUson, 1958. Sci. Amer. 198:36-41. —Bellinger, Dyer, King and Pratt, 1965. Ga. 

 Acad. Sci., Bui. 23:122 (review of fu-e ant problem). — Fincher and Lund, 1967. Ga. Ent. 

 Soc, Jour. 2:91-94 (biology and life cycle in Ga.). — Rhoades and Davis, 1967. Jour. Econ. 

 Ent. 60:544-558 (effects of meteorological factors on biology and control). — Anon. 1971 

 Sept., U. S. Dept. Agr., Coop. Econ. Ins. Rpt., 21 (36): 639-652 (bibliography through 1971). 

 —Collins and Markin, 1971. Ent. Soc Amer., Ann. 64:1376-1380 (inquilines and other 

 arthropods).— Markin and Dillier, 1971. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 64:562-565 (seasonal life 



