1520 Hymenoptera in America North of Mexico 



Taxonomy: Menke and Snelling, 1975. U. S. Dept. Agr., Coop. Ins. Rpt. 25: 193-200, 33 figs, 

 (characters to distinguish from native North American spp.). 

 intermedia (Buysson). Newfoundland, Que., Man., Sask., Alta., N. W. T., Yukon Terr., Alaska in 

 Hudsonian Zone. 

 Vespa rufa var. intermedia Buysson, 1905. Soc. Ent. France, Ann. 73: 591. 6,9. 

 maculifrons (Buysson). Southern Canada and U. S. east of 100th meridian in Transition and 



Austral Zones. Ecology: Nests are usually subterranean, occasionally in decayed stumps 

 or logs; nest usually contains 4-8 combs, rarely only a single comb. It may live as an 

 inquiline in nests of vulgaris (L.) and interbreed with it. Parasite: Vespula squamosa 

 (Dru.). V. maculifrons was frequently misidentified as gerynanica in publications prior 

 to 1931. 

 Vespa maculifrons Buysson, 1905. Soc. Ent. France, Ann. 63: 608. 

 Vespa communis \a.r.flavida Sladen, 1918. Ottawa Nat. 32: 71. 9. 



Biology: Couper, 1870. Canad. Ent. 2: 49-53 (nest). — Marlatt, 1891. Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc. 2: 

 80-83 (nest). — Rau and Rau, 1918. Wasp Studies Afield, pp. 295-297, fig. 53 (foraging, 

 nest). — Beamer, 1925. Ent. News 36: 309-310 (hibernation female). —Rau, 1930. Ent. 

 News 41: 185-190, pi. 19 (life history, nest). —Rau, 1931. Brooklyn Ent. Soc, Bui. 26: 85-89, 

 pi. 4 (nest, colonization). —Bromley, 1931. N. Y. Ent. Soc, Jour. 39: 129 (foraging, 

 predation). —Gaul, 1948. Brooklyn Ent. Soc, Bui. 43: 37-41 (interspecific tolerance). 

 — Haviland, 1962. Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc. 64: 181-183 (colony size). — Kurczewski, 1968. N. 

 Y. Ent. Soc, Jour. 76: 84-86 (predation). — Balduf, 1968. Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc. 70: 336-338, 

 1 fig. (inquilinism and interbreeding with vulgaris). —Simon and Benton, 1968. Ent. Soc. 

 Amer., Ann. 61: 542 (winter activity in aerial nest). —Green, Heckman, Benton and Coon, 

 1970. Ent. Soc Amer., Ann. 63: 1197-1198, 2 figs, (exposed aerial nest). — MacDonald and 

 Matthews, 1975. Science 190: 1003-1004, 1 fig. (parasite). 

 pensylvanica (Saussure). Canada and western U. S. west of 100th meridian in Canadian and 



Transition Zones; Mexico (Michoacan, Mexico). Ecology: Nests are subterranean. 



Parasite: Bareogonalos canadensis (Harr.); Sphecophaga vesparuni burra (Cr.); 



Triphleba lugubris (Meig.). 

 Vespa pensylvanica Saussure, 1857. Stettin. Ent. Ztg. 18: 117. 9. 

 Vespa occidentalis Cresson, 1874. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 5: 100. 9,5. Preocc. 



Biology: Snow, 1882. Psyche 3: 339 (predation). — Metzmain, 1903. Entomologist 36: 137 

 (female hibernation). —Duncan, 1939. Stanford Univ., Pubs., Univ. Ser. Biol. Sci. 8 (1): 

 98-173 (nest, life history). —Smith, 1956. Ent. News 67: 141-146, 1 pi. (nest). —Chapman, 

 1963. Ecology 44: 766-767 (predation). —MacDonald, Akre and Hill, 1974. Melanderia 18: 

 1-93, 13 figs, (comparative biology and behavior). 



Morphology: Duncan, 1939. Stanford Univ., Pubs., Univ. Ser. Biol. Sci. 8 (1): 13-84, pis. 



I-XXVII (female, male). 

 squamosa (Drury). Ont., N. Y. to Wis. and Iowa, south to Fla. and Tex., most common in 

 Austral Zones; Mexico, Guatemala. Host: Vespula maculifrons (Buyss.), V. vidua 

 (Sauss.); the squamosa queen is a temporary, apparently facultative social parasite. 



Vespa squamosa Drury, 1773. Illus. Nat. Hist., Index to pt. 1 published with pt. 2. 



Vespa lineata Fabricius, 1775. Systema Ent., p. 365. 



Vespa conchacea Christ, 1791. Naturgesch. Insekt. Bienen, Wespen u. Ameisengeschl, p. 

 259. 



Vespa cuneata Fabricius, 1804. Systema Piezatorum, p. 258. 



Vespa cruciata Lepeletier, 1836. Hist. Nat. Ins. Hym., v. 1, p. 513. Emend, of cuneata. 



Vespa bistriata MacFarland, 1888. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 15: 298. 9. Preocc. 



Vespa macfarlandi Lewis, 1897. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 24: 172. 9. N. name. 



Vespula squamosa var. (or subsp.) michoacana Bequaert, 1941. Ent. News 52: 249. 5. 



Taxonomy: Turner, 1908. Psyche 15: 1-3, 1 pi. (coloration worker, male). 



Biology: Taylor, 1939. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 32: 310-313 (temporary parasitism by female in 

 nest of vidua). —Gaul, 1947. Brooklyn Ent. Soc, Bui. 42: 87-96 (behavior, nest). —Gaul, 

 1948. Brooklyn Ent. Soc, Bui. 43: 37-41 (interspecific tolerance). — Tissot and Robinson, 

 1954. Fla. Ent. 37: 73-92 (aerial and subterranean nests). —MacDonald and Matthews, 

 1975. Science 190: 1003-1004, 1 fig. (host, nest). 



