1522 Hymenoptera in America Nort^h of Mexico 



Vespa diabolica Saussure, 1854. Etudes sur la famille des Vespides, v. 2, p. 138. 2,5. 

 Vespa fernaldi Lewis, 1897. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 24: 171. 9,5. 



Biology: Wheeler and Taylor, 1921. Psyche 28: 135-144, 3 figs, (nest, parasite). — Hungerford, 

 1930. Ent. News 41: 329-330, 1 pi. (nest). —Taylor, 1939. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 32: 305-310 

 (nest, parasite). —Gaul, 1941. N. Y. Ent. Soc, Jour. 49: 367-369 (taste sensitivity of adults, 

 larvae). — Gaul, 1941. Psyche 48: 16-19 (colony housing, interspecific tolerance). — Gaul, 

 1942. Brooklyn Ent. Soc., Bui. 37: 57-61 (brood rearing, mating). —Gaul, 1948. Brooklyn 

 Ent. Soc, Bui. 43: 73-79 (distribution of labor). —Sailer, 1950. Kans. Ent. Soc, Jour. 23: 

 134-137, 3 figs, (nest temperature). —Gaul, 1952. N. Y. Ent. Soc, Jour. 60: 17-20 (flight in 

 stormy weather). —Gaul, 1952. Brooklyn Ent. Soc, Bui. 47: 79-92 (temperature regulation 

 in nest). — Gibo, 1972. N. Y. Ent. Soc, Jour. 80: 105-108 (hibernation sites, temperature 

 tolerance). —Gibo, Yarascavitch and Dew, 1974. Canad. Ent. 106: 503-507, 1 fig. (colony 

 thermoregulation). —Gibo, Dew and Hajduk, 1974. Canad. Ent. 106: 873-879, 2 figs, 

 (relation of colony biomass to calorie production). 

 maculata (Linnaeus). In Canada from Nova Scotia to Yukon Terr., Alaska, in lower U. S. from 

 Maine to Fla., west to 100th meridian in Canadian, Transition, U. and L. Austral Zones, 

 west of 100th meridian chiefly in Canadian, Transition and U. Sonoran Zones. Ecology: 

 Nests are always aerial and are usually suspended from limbs or beneath eaves and 

 roofs. Parasite: Sphecophaga vesparum burra (Cr.). The official common name is the 

 bald-faced hornet; sometimes it is also caUed the white-faced hornet. 

 Vespa maculata Linnaeus, 1763. Centuria Ins. Rar., p. 30. 



Vespa maculata am,ericana Christ, 1791. Naturgesch. Insekt. Bienen, Wespen u. 

 Ameisengeschl., p. 239. 



Biology: Couper, 1870. Canad. Ent. 2: 49-53 (nest). — Fyles, 1903. 33rd Ann. Rpt., Ent. Soc. 

 Ontario, pp. 69-70, figs. 47-48 (nest). —Howard, 1915. Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc 17: 148 (nest 

 color). — Rau and Rau, 1918. Wasp Studies Afield, pp. 297-298 (predation). —Davis, 1919. 

 Brooklyn Ent. Soc, Bui. 14: 119-123, 1 pi. (nest). — parker, 1928. Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc. 30: 

 14 (succession of brood in one cell). —Rau, 1929. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 22: 659-675, 10 figs, 

 (nesting habits). —Bromley, 1931. N. Y. Ent. Soc, Jour. 39: 126-128 (predation). — Betz, 

 1932. Quart. Rev. Biol. 8: 197-209, 4 figs, (colony size). —Rau, 1934. Brooklyn Ent. Soc, 

 Bui. 19: 170 (hibernating female). —Rau, 1934. Brooklyn Ent. Soc, Bui. 19: 171 (predation). 

 — Balduf, 1936. Canad. Ent. 68: 138-139 (colony size). —Gaul, 1941. Psyche 48: 16-19 

 (colony housing, interspecific tolerance). —Gaul, 1952. N. Y. Ent. Soc, Jour. 60: 21-24 

 (metabolic cycles and flight). —Balduf, 1954. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 47: 445-458, 3 pis. (nest 

 structure and growth, foraging, life history, population size). — Gibo, 1972. N. Y. Ent. Soc, 

 Jour. 80: 105-108 (hibernation sites, temperature tolerance). —Howell, 1973. Ent. News 84: 

 141-142 (predation on Vespula maculifrons (Buyss.)). — Gibo, Yarascavitch and Dew, 1974. 

 Canad. Ent. 106: 503-507, 1 fig. (colony thermoregulation). —Gibo, Dew and Hajduk, 1974. 

 Canad. Ent. 106: 873-879, 2 figs, (relation of colony biomass to calorie production). 



Morphology: Bequaert, 1932. Ent. Amer. (n. s.) 12: 73-75, fig. 1 (male genitalia). — Snodgrass, 

 1941. Smithsn. Inst., Misc Collect. 99 (14): 49, pi. 17, figs. A-H (male genitalia). —Hermann 

 and Krispyn, 1975. Ga. Ent. Soc, Jour. 10: 307-313, 8 figs, (venom apparatus). 

 norvegicoides (Sladen). In Canada from Newfoimdland to Yukon Terr., Alaska, in lower U. S. 

 transcontinental chiefly in Canadian Zone. Ecology: Nests in low shrubbery. 

 Vespa norvegicoides Sladen, 1918. Ottawa Nat. 32: 71. 6, 9. 



Biology: Bequaert, 1932. Ent. Amer. (n. s.) 12: 119 (nest). 



