1360 Hymenoptera in America North of Mexico 



Aphaenogaster subg. Attomyrma Emery, 1915. Accad. delle Sci. dell'Ist. Bologna, Rend. (n. 

 s.) 19: 70. 



Type-species: Formica subterranea Latreille. Orig. desig. 

 Novomessor Emery, 1915. Accad. delle Sci. dell'Ist. Bologna, Rend. (n. s.) 19:73. 



Type-species: Aphaenogaster (IschnomyrTnex) cockerelli Andre. Orig. desig. 

 Nystalomyrma Wheeler, 1916. Roy. Soc. So. Austral., Trans. 40:215. 



Type-species: Myrmica longiceps Smith. Orig. desig. 



Most species of this genus nest in soil beneath a covering object but some may be in rotten 

 logs or arboreal in dead branches. Two species, mariae and tennesseensis are believed to be tem- 

 porary social parasites but more investigation is needed. The genus is worldwide. The North 

 American fauna is in need of intensive study. 



Revision: Mayr, 1886. Zool.-Bot. Gesell. Wien, Verb. 36:443-446. —Emery, 1895. Zool. Jahrb., 

 Abt. f. System. 8:301-306. —Wheeler and Wheeler, 1934. Psyche 41:6-12 (treatae and 

 forms). — Wheeler and Creighton, 1934. Amer. Acad. Arts and Sci., Proc. 69:343-354 

 (Novomessor). — Enzmann, 1947. N. Y. Ent. Soc., Jour. 55:147-151 (Novomessor). 



Taxonomy: Wheeler and Wheeler, 1953. Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc. 55:54-62 (larvae). — Browm, 

 1973. In Meggers, et al.. Tropical forest ecosystems in Afr. and S. Amer., pp. 178-185 

 (generic syn.). — Brown, 1974. Ent. News 85: 45-47 (justification of synonymy of 

 Novomessor). 



Biology: Fellers and Fellers, 1976. Science 192: 70-72 (tool use in 4 species). 

 albisetosa Mayr. Tex., N. Mex., Ariz.; Mexico. Ecology: Foimd in arid plateaus, at elevations of 

 2,500 to 5,000 feet; makes small crater nests, often under large stones. Omnivorous, but 

 has a preference for fruits and seeds. 

 Aphaenogaster albisetosa Mayr, 1886. Zool.-Bot. Gesell. Wien., Verb. 36:443, 446. 5 . 

 Novomessor cockerelli var. minor Enzmann, 1947. N. Y. Ent. Soc, Jour. 55:148. 5 . 



Taxonomy: Wheeler and Wheeler, 1953. Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc. 55:70 (larva). — Wheeler and 

 Wheeler, 1960. Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc. 62:8 (larva). 



Biology: Wheeler, 1910. Ants, pp. 280-282. —Cole, 1934. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 27:398. 

 —Creighton, 1955. Psyche 62:89-97. 

 ashmeadi (Emery). N. C, Tenn. s. to Fla., w. to Mo., Tex. 



Stenamma (Aphaenogaster) treatae var. ashmeadi Emery, 1985. Zool. Jahrb., Abt. f. 



System. 8:302. 5 . 

 Aphaenogaster treatae hamedi Wheeler, 1919. Psyche 26:50. 5 . 



Taxonomy: Wheeler, 1919. Psyche 26:50. —Smith, 1924. Ent. News 35:50. 

 boulderensis boulderensis Smith. Ariz. (Horseshoe Is., Mead Lake); Nev., Tex. (?). Ecology: 

 Probably nests in small colonies beneath stones. Possibly confused with A. mutica 

 Pergande. 

 Aphaenogaster (Attomyrma) boulderensis Smith, 1941. Great Basin Nat. 2:118, 120. 5. 



Biology: Cole, 1966. Brigham Young Univ., Sci. Bui., Biol. Ser. 7:9. 

 boulderensis smithi Gregg. N. Mex. (Carrizozo). 



Aphaenogaster (Attomyrma) boulderensis smithi Gregg, 1949. Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc. 

 51:171. $. 

 cockerelli Andre. Tex., N. Mex., Ariz., Nev., s. Calif.; Mexico. Ecology: Found in arid plateaus 

 as high as 7,000 ft. Constructs large craters of pebbles under four inches in height with 

 a single entrance. 

 Aphaenogaster (Ischnomyrmex) cockerelli Andre, 1893. Rev. de. Ent. 12:150. 5. 

 Aphaenogaster sonorae Pergande, 1893. Calif. Acad. Sci., Proc. 4:34. 5 . 



Taxonomy: Wheeler and Wheeler, 1960. Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc. 62:10 (larva). —Wheeler and 

 Wheeler, 1972. Ga. Ent. Soc., Jour. 7:239 (larva). 



Biology: Wheeler, 1910. Ants, pp. 69, 178, 201, 280-282. —Cole, 1934. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 

 27:397-398. — Mallis, 1941. South. Calif. Acad. Sci., Bui. 40:67. —Cole, 1953. Tenn. Acad. 

 Sci., Jour. 28:243. —Creighton, 1955. Psyche 62:89-97. — Whitford and Ettershank, 1975. 

 Environ. Ent. 4: 689-696 (factors affecting foraging activity). 



