Superfamily FORMICOIDEA 1401 



Taylor, 1967. Pacific Ins. Monog. 14:71-72 (Polynesia). —Wheeler and Wheeler, 1954. Amer. 

 Midland Nat. 52:449-450 (larva). 



Biology: Marlatt, 1928. U. S. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 740:6. —Phillips, 1934. (Hawaii Univ.) 

 Expt. Sta. Pineapple Prod. Coop. Assoc. Bui. 15:23-24. —Smith, 1943. Ent. Soc. Wash., 

 Proc. 45:1-2. —Brown, 1958. Acta Hym. 1:28. —Taylor and Wilson, 1961. Psyche 68:138. 

 —Brown, 1964. Ent. News 75:14-15. —Smith, 1965. U. S. Dept. Agr., Tech. Bui. 1326:47-48 

 (economic importance). 



Morphology: Blum and Ross, 1965. Jour. Ins. Physiol. 11:857-868 (odor trail pheromone). 

 pacificum Mayr. Calif.; Oriental and Australian Regions. Introduced into a nursery in Calif; 

 may not be established. 

 Tetramarium pacificum Mayr, 1870. Zool.-Bot. (Jesell. Wien, Verb. 20:972, 976. 9,9. 



Taxonomy: Smith, 1943. Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc. 45:2-3. —Wilson and Taylor, 1967. Pacific Ins. 

 Monog. 14:72-73 (Polynesia). 

 simillimum (Smith). Ga., Fla.; Pantropical. Introduced, a tramp species probably native to 

 Africa. Occasionally found in greenhouses farther north in N. Amer. 

 Myrmica simillima Smith, 1851. List Hym. Brit. Mus. v. 6, p. 118. 5. 



Taxonomy: Emery, 1909. Deut. Ent. Ztschr., pp. 695-696 (each caste). —Smith, 1936. Puerto 

 Rico Univ., Jour. Agr. 20:831, 853. —Smith, 1943. Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc. 45:2. —Wilson and 

 Taylor, 1967. Pacific Ins. Monog. 14:73 (Polynesia). 



Biology: Wheeler, 1905. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Bui. 21:101. —Marlatt, 1928. U. S. Dept. Agr., 

 Farmers' Bui. 740:6. —Smith, 1933. Fla. Ent. 17:24. —Phillips, 1934. (Hawaii Univ.) Expt. 

 Sta. Pineapple Prod. Coop. Assoc. Bui. 15:24. —Taylor and Wilson, 1961. Psyche 68:142-143. 

 spinosus hispidus (Wheeler). S. Ariz. Ecology: Found nesting in small craters in the desert. X. 

 spinosus spinosus Pergande occurs in Mexico. 

 Xiphomyrmex spinosus hispidus Wheeler, 1915. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Bui. 34:415. 5 . 

 spinosus insons (Wheeler). W. Tex., Ariz. Ecology: Nests found in small craters in dry, grassy 

 areas. 

 Xiphomyrmex spinosus insons Wheeler, li915. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Bui. 34:416. 9, 9, d. 

 spinosus wheeleri Forel. S. Ariz.; Mexico. Ecology: One colony was found beneath a stone in a 

 cactus desert. 

 Tetramorium (Xiphomyrmex) Wheeleri Forel, 1901. Soc. Ent. de Belg., Ann. 45:128. 9. 



Biology: Wheeler, 1915. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Bui. 34:416. 



Genus ANERGATES Forel 



Anergates Forel, 1874. Schweiz. Naturf. Gesell. Denkschr. 26:93. 

 Type-species: Myrmica atratula Schenck. Monotypic. 



The single species of this genus is a permanent parasite. 



atratulus (Schenck). Conn., N. Y., N. J., Pa., Del., Md., D. C, Va.; Europe. Ecology: A 



parasitized nest of the host consists of a single fertile female of atratulus, a large 

 number of host workers, and a large number of pupoidal males and virgin females of 

 atratulus. Workers of the parasite are entirely lacking. Possibly introduced with its host 

 from Europe, though some workers are of the opinion that the host and atratulus are 

 native. Host: Tetramorium caespitum, (L.). 



Myrmica atratula Schenck, 1852. Nassau. Ver. f. Naturk. Jahrb. 8:91. 9. 



Anergates friedlandi Creighton, 1934. Psyche 41:193. 9. 



Taxonomy: Emery, 1922. In Wytsman, Gen. Ins., fasc. 174:205-206 (female, male). 



— Donisthorpe, 1927. British Ants, pp. 96-97 (female, male). —Wheeler and Wheeler, 1955. 

 Amer. Midland Nat. 54:128-130 (larva). — Ettershank, 1966. Austral Jour. Zool. 14:157-158. 



Biology: Wheeler, 1910. Ants, pp. 498-504. —Donisthorpe, 1915. British Ants, p. 89. 



—Wheeler, 1923. Social life Among the Insects, pp. 215-219. —Creighton, 1950. Harvard 

 Univ., Mus. Comp. Zool., Bui. 104:241-243. 



Morphology: Meyer, 1955. Insectes Sociaux 2:163-170. 



