Division ACULEATA 1201 



gravid female or females and care for the larvae of the latter. A semisocial colony may evolve 

 into a primitive eusocial colony as happens later in the season in some Angochlorella nests when 

 the colony becomes monogynous and only the workers forage for pollen. Another stage toward 

 the eusocial is the subsocial in which one female cares for her own larvae as in many Allodapini 

 (Anthophoridae) and young nests of Boynhus (Apidae); such a colony may later become truly 

 eusocial as happens when the first brood of Bombus workers ecloses and takes over the foraging 

 activities previously performed by the queen. 



Taxonomy: Lanham, 1960. Ent. News 71: 85-86 (significance of hind tibial strigil in 

 classification). —Richards, 1972 (1971). Ent. Essays to Commemorate Retirement of Prof. 

 K. Yasumatsu, pp. 1-13, 10 figs, (thoracic spiracles in classification). —Brothers, 1975. 

 Kans. Univ. Sci. Bui. 50: 483-648, 101 figs., 7 tabs, (phylogeny, especially Mutillidae). 



Biology: Walsh and Riley, 1869. Amer. Ent. 1: 122-143, figs. 96-112 (habits of wasps). 

 — Ashmead, 1894. Psyche 7: 19-26, 39-46, 59-66, 75-79 (habits of wasps). — Peckham and 

 Peckham, 1898. Wis. Geol. Nat. Hist. Survey, Bui. 2: 1-245, 14 pis. (instincts and habits of 

 solitary wasps in Wis.). — Hartman, 1905. Tex. Acad. Sci., Trans. 7: 15-85, 24 figs., also 

 published as Univ. Tex., Bui. 65, Sci. Series 6: 8-73, 24 figs, (habits of some Texan solitary 

 wasps). —Peckham and Peckham, 1905. Wasps social and solitary, 311 pp. (prey, nests, life 

 history in Wis.). — Rau and Rau, 1918. Wasp studies afield, 372 pp., 68 figs, (nests, prey, 

 life history in Mo.). —Wheeler, 1919. Amer. Phil. Soc, Proc. 58: 1-40 (evolution of parasitic 

 Aculeata). —Rau, 1922. Acad. Sci. St. Louis, Trans. 24: 1-44 (prey, nests, ecology of Mo. 

 wasps, bees, ants). —Wheeler, 1923. Social Life Among the Insects, 375 pp., 113 figs. 

 —Rau, 1926. Acad. Sci. St. Louis, Trans. 25: 157-277, 8 pis. (ecology of wasps and bees 

 nesting in clay bank in Mo.). —Williams, 1928. Hawaii. Sugar Planters' Assoc. Expt. Sta., 

 Bui. Ent. Ser. 19: 30-60, 112-174 (tropical wasps and bees). —Wheeler, 1928. Social Insects, 

 378 pp., 79 figs. —Rau, 1928. Acad. Sci. St. Louis, Trans. 35: 325-489, 68 figs, (behavior 

 non-social wasps in Mo.). — Reinhard, 1929. The witchery of wasps, 291 pp., 14 pis., 10 text 

 figs, (prey, nests, life history in Md.). —Rau, 1933. Jungle bees and wasps of Barro 

 Colorado Island, 324 pp. (nests, prey, life history). — Iwata, 1942. Tenthredo 4: 1-46, 5 pis., 

 1 fig., 2 pp. unnumbered figs, (compar. studies behavior of solitary wasps). — Hurd, 1955. 

 Century of Progress in Natural Sciences, pp. 573-575, Calif. Acad. Sci. (history of wasp 

 taxonomy). —Cooper, 1957. Jour. Expt. Zool. 134: 469-514, 26 figs, (functions of cell 

 partitions in preventing parasitism, predation and cannibalism, and in orienting larva for 

 pupation). —Evans, 1958 (1956). Tenth Internatl. Congr. Ent., Proc. 2: 449-457 (evolution 

 of social life in wasps). — Olberg, 1959. Das Verhalten der solitaeren Wespen 

 Mitteleuropas, 402 pp., 779 photos, (prey, nests). —Evans and Linsley, 1960. South. Calif. 

 Acad. Sci., Bui. 59: 30-37 (sleeping aggregations of aculeates). — Michener, 1961. Roy. Ent. 

 Soc. London, Symp. 1: 43-56 (aspects of social polymorphism). — Krombein, 1962. Ent. Soc. 

 Wash., Proc. 64: 11-19 (parasitism of several wasps and bees by acarid mites). —Linsley, 



1962. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 55: 148-164, 9 figs, (sleeping aggregations). —Evans, 1962. 

 Evolution 16: 468-483, 6 figs, (evolution of prey-carrying mechanisms in wasps). —Evans, 



1963. Wasp farm, 178 pp., 25 pis., 16 text-figs, (popular account). —Hamilton, 1964. Jour. 

 Theoret. Biol. 7: 1-52 (genetic evolution of social behavior). —Evans, 1966. Ann. Rev. Ent. 

 11: 123-154, 2 figs, (behavior patterns of solitary wasps). —Krombein, 1967. Trap-nesting 

 wasps and bees: Life histories, nests and associates, 570 pp., 29 pis., 2 text-figs. Cited in 

 text as Trap-nesting wasps and bees. — Andrewes, 1969. The lives of wasps and bees, 204 

 pp., 16 pis., 15 text-figs, (popular account). —Evans and Eberhard, 1970. The wasps, 265 

 pp., 122 figs, (synthesis of data on life history, behavior, ecology). —Flanders, 1970. Canad. 

 Ent. 102: 898-905 (cannibalistic infanticide in social Hymenoptera). —Wilson, 1971. Insect 

 societies, 548 pp., figs, (synthesis of insect sociology). —Iwata, 1972 (1971). Evolution of 

 instinct-comparative studies of Hymenoptera behavior, 503 pp., 50 figs, (in Japanese). 

 —Michener and Lin, 1972. Quart. Rev. Biol. 47: 131-159 (evolution of sociality). 



— Spradbery, 1973. Wasps: an account of the biology and natural history of solitary and 

 social wasps, 408 pp., 28 pis., 131 text figs. —Hamilton, 1973. Ann. Rev. Syst. Ecol. 3: 

 193-232 (altruism in social insects). — Cazier and Linsley, 1974. Amer. Mus. Novitates 2546: 

 1-20, 6 figs, (foraging behavior of bees and wasps on Kallstroemia). —Schmidt et al, 

 1974. Sozialpolymorphismus bei Insekten, 974 pp. — Trivers and Hare, 1976. Science 191: 

 249-263, 7 figs., 6 tabs, (haplodiploidy and evolution of social insects). —Iwata, 1976. 



