1770 Hymenoptera in America North of Mexico 



Taxonomy: Krombein, 1967. U. S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Monog. 2, Sup. 2, p. 423. 

 graenicheri Mitchell. Fla. (Miami, Key Largo, Plantation Key, and Saddlebunch Keys). Pollen: 

 Unknown, but visits flowers of Metopium toxiferum, Flaveria linearis. 

 Hylaeus graenicheri Mitchell, 1951. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc, Jour. 67: 240. 9. 



Taxonomy: Mitchell, 1960. N. C. Agr. Expt. Sta. Tech. Bui. 141: 79. — Snelling, 1966. South. 

 Calif. Acad. Sci., Bui. 65: 174. 

 suffusus (Cockerell). Nev. Possibly a Paraprosopis. 



Prosapis suffusa Cockerell, 1896. Psyche 7 (sup.): 32. 6. 



Taxonomy: Snelling, 1966. South. Calif. Acad. Sci., Bui. 65: 174. —Snelling, 1970. Los Angeles 

 Co., Mus., Contrib. Sci. 180: 58. 

 tuertonis (Cockerell). N. Mex. (Tuerto Mts. near Santa Fe), Colo. (Florissant). Possibly a 

 Paraprosopis and may be a synonym of H. wootoni (Cockerell). 

 Prosopi's tuertonis Cockerell, 1906. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Bui. 22: 423. 9. 



Family OXAEIDAE 



This small family of moderately large-sized bees occurs only in the Western Hemisphere. 

 Although as a group the Oxaeidae are primarily centered in the tropics, a few species are 

 present in the warm temperate areas of both North and South America. Some of the species 

 commence flight activity about sunrise and at least the males of one species, Protoxaea gloriosa 

 (Fox), cluster in large aggregations on selected plants where they spend the night. 



The known intrafloral relationships of these bees suggest a rather narrow dependence upon 

 relatively few sources of pollen. These include only certain genera within the plant families 

 Leguminosae, Solanaceae, and Zygophyllaceae. However, the males and females seek nectar 

 from a comparatively wide variety of plants since the flowers of some of the preferred pollen 

 sources produce little or no nectar and large quantities of nectar are required to meet the 

 bioenergetic needs of these fast-flying bees. 



Revision: Kurd and Linsley, 1976. Smithsn. Contrib. Zool. 220: 1-75, 68 figs., 3 pis., 2 maps, 2 

 tables (included genera and spp., behavior, intrafloral ecology, summary of biological 

 literature). 



Taxonomy: Friese, 1898. K. K. Naturhist. Hofmus., Ann. 13: 59-86 (tax. characters, tax. 

 position). —Schrottky, 1913. Soc. Cient. Argentina, An. 75: 114-115, 180-286 (tax. position). 

 — Michener, 1944. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Bui. 82: 246 (tax. characters, tax. status). 

 —Moure, 1946. Bol. Agr. 4: 12-13 (tax. characters). —Moure, 1950. Dusenia 1: 303-306 (tax. 

 characters, tax. status). — Rozen, 1964. N. Y. Ent. Soc, Jour. 72: 223-230, 7 figs. (tax. 

 characters, tax. status). —Rozen, 1965. Amer. mus. Novitates 2224: 1-18 (immature stages, 

 tax. status). —Michener, 1965. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Bui. 130: 10 (tax. status). —Graf, 

 1966. Ciencia e Cultura 18: 137-138 (tax. characters, tax. status). —Linsley and Cazier, 

 1972. Amer. Mus. Novitates 2509: 1-25, 4 tables (tax. status). —Roberts, 1973. Kans. Ent. 

 Soc, Jour. 46: 437-446 (tax. status). 



Biology: Linsley and Cazier, 1972. Amer. Mus. Novitates 2509: 1-25, 4 tables (behavior). 

 — Hurd and Linsley, 1976. Smithsn. Contrib. Zool. 220: 5-16, 2 tables (flower preferences, 

 territoriality of males, sleeping aggregations of males, nest sites, nest architecture, female 

 aggressiveness at nest site, parasites, immature stages). 



Morphology: Popov, 1941. Acad. Sci. USSR, Compt. Rend. 30: 82-85, 4 figs, (male genitalia). 

 — popov, 1945. Zool. Zhur. 24: 329-336, 3 figs, (male genitalia). —Rozen, 1951. Kans. Ent. 

 Soc, Jour. 24: 142-150, 17 figs, (male genitalia). 



Genus PROTOXAEA Cockerell and Porter 



Protoxaea Cockerell and Porter, 1899. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) 4: 410. 

 Type-species: Megacilissa gloriosa Fox. Monotypic and orig. desig. 



This genus is composed of three species, two of which (P. australis Hurd and Linsley and P. 

 micheneri Hurd and Linsley) occur in Mexico below the elevation of Mexico City and well to the 

 south of P. gloriosa (Fox) which ranges over much of northern Mexico and adjacent 

 southwestern United States. 



