Superfamily APOIDEA 1983 



apicalis opuntiae (Cockerell). Colo., N. Mex., Tex., Ariz., Calif.; north. Mexico, principally from 

 Sonoran Zone. Pollen: Oligolectic, presumably collects pollen from flowers of Opuntia 

 including 0. echinocarpa, 0. megacarpa, 0. vaseyi, but visits other flowers for nectar. 

 Lithurgus apicalis var. opuntiae Cockerell, 1902. Ent. News 13: 182. 



arizonensis (Cockerell). Ariz. 



Lithurgus arizonensis Cockerell, 1937. South. Calif. Acad. Sci., Bui. 36: 108. 9. 



bruesi (Mitchell). 111. to Tex.; Mexico. 



Lithurgus bruesi Mitchell, 1927. Psyche 34: 104. 6. 

 echinocacti (Cockerell). N. Mex., Ariz.; Mexico (Baja California and Sonora). Ecology: Nests in 

 rotten wood. Pollen: Presumably oligolectic, visits flowers oi Echinocactus. 

 Lithurgus echinocacti Cockerell, 1898. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) 2: 453. 9. 

 gibbosus (Smith). N. C, to Fla., Tex. Pollen: Oligolectic, collects pollen from flowers of 



Opuntia, but visits other flowers, presumably for nectar including Cirsium, Helianthus, 

 Hex, Pontederia, Rudbeckia. 

 Lithurgus gibbosus Smith, 1853. Cat. Hym. Brit. Mus., v. 1, p. 147. 9. 

 Lithurgus compressus Smith, 1853. Cat. Hym. Brit. Mus., v. 1, p. 147. 6. 



Subfamily MEGACHILINAE 



This is a large group of mostly pollen-collecting species which are present on all the continents 

 and many of the islands. The subfamily is composed of two tribes, the Anthidiini and the 

 Megachilini, both of which are well represented by numerous species in America north of Mex- 

 ico. 



Tribe ANTHIDIINI 



Although this tribe is present throughout much of the world, it contains fewer species than 

 the Megachilini and, unlike that tribe, is represented by only a single species in Australia. Like 

 the Megachilini the pollen-collecting species use a wide variety of foreign materials in construct- 

 ing their nest cells, but are not known to use mud. While the majority of the Anthidiini are soli- 

 tary, some of the pollen-collecting species in certain genera (e. g., Heteranthidiian and 

 Trachusa) live in colonies. 



Revision: Michener, 1948. Amer. Mus. Novitates 1381: 1-29 (generic classification). 



Taxonomy: Grigarick and Stange, 1968. Calif. Ins. Survey, Bui. 9: 1-113, 229 figs., 41 maps 

 (Calif, spp.). — Pasteels, 1969. Soc. Roy. Ent. Belgique, Mem. 31: 1-148, 199 figs. 

 (classification). —Pasteels, 1972. Soc. Roy. Ent. Belgique, Bui. Ann. 108: 72-128, 107 figs, 

 (classification). 



Biology: Custer and Hicks, 1927. Biol. Bui. 52: 258-277 (nesting habits). 



Genus TRACHUSA Panzer 



Trachusa Panzer, 1804. Faunae Ins. German., pt. 86, nos. 14-15. 



Type-species: Apis byssina Panzer. Desig. by Sandhouse, 1943. {=Trachusa 

 serratulae Panzer). 

 Diphysis Lepeletier, 1841. Hist. Nat. Ins., Hym., v. 2, p. 307. 



Type-species: Apis byssina Panzer. Monotypic. (=Diphysis pyrenaica Lepeletier). 

 Trachusomimus Popov, 1964. Rev. Ent. URSS 43: 406. 



Type-species: Trachusa perdita Cockerell. Orig. desig. 



The genus also occurs in the Palaearctic Region. 



Revision: Michener, 1941. Pan-Pacific Ent. 17: 119-125. (Nearctic spp.). 



Taxonomy: Michener, 1953. Kans. Univ. Sci. Bui. 5: 1041 (larva). —Thorp, 1963. Pan-Pacific 

 Ent. 39: 56-58 (Key to spp. of Trachusa). —Thorp, 1966. Kans. Ent. Soc, Jour. 39: 132 

 (generic status of Trachusomimus Popov). —Grigarick and Stange, 1968. Calif. Ins. 

 Survey, Bui. 9: 4-6, figs. 1, 129-134, map 1 (Calif spp.). 

 gummifera Thorp. Calif. (Marin and San Francisco Counties). 



Trachusa gummifera Thorp, 1963. Pan-Pacific Ent. 39: 56. 9, 3. 



