Superfamily APOIDEA 2201 



Bombus temariiis var. expallidus Cockerell, 1916. Mich. Univ. Mus. Zool., Occas. Papers 

 23:9. 9. 



Taxonomy: Stephen, 1957. Oreg. Agr. Expt. Sta. Tech. Bui. 40: 149-150, fig. 30, map 17 

 (redescription, variation in color of vestiture, geogr. records). —Mitchell, 1962. N. C. Agr. 

 Expt. Sta. Tech. Bui. 152: 536-537, table 18 (synonymy, redescription ). 



Biology: Plath, 1927. Psyche 34: 125 (life history). — Plath, 1927. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 20: 

 189-190 (hibernation). —Plath, 1934. Bumblebees and their ways, p. 149 (life history). 

 —Craig, 1953. Canad. Ent. 85: 311-312 (parasite). 

 vagans bolsteri Franklin. Newfoundland. 



Bombus bolsteri Franklin, 1913. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 38: 357. 9, ?. 

 vagans vagans Smith. B. C. east to N. S., south to Ga., Tenn., S. Dak., Mont., Idaho and Wash. 

 Parasite: Bracliiconia sarcophagina (Twns.), Psifhynts citrinus (Smith), Spherularia 

 bovibi Dufour. 

 Bombus vagans Smith, 1854. Cat. Hym. Brit. Mus., v. 2, p. 399. 9. 

 Bo7nbus consi7nilis Cresson, 1864. Ent. Soc. Phila., Proc. 3: 41. 9. 

 Bremus vagans var. cactus Bequaert and Plath, 1925. Mus. Compar. Zool., Bui. 67: 276. 9, 



<5. 

 Bremus vagans var. helenae Frison, 1929. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 55: 110. 9, i. 



Taxonomy: Stephen, 1957. Oreg. Agr. Expt. Sta. Tech. Bui. 40: 104-106, fig. 21, map 14 

 (redescription, geogr. records). —Mitchell, 1962. N. C. Agr. Expt. Sta. Tech. Bui. 152: 

 537-538 (synonymy, redescription, floral records). 



Biology: Plath, 1922. Psyche 29: 197-198 (life history). —Plath, 1927. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 

 20: 190 (hibernation). —Frison, 1930. Brooklyn Ent. Soc, Bui. 25: 109-122 (life history). 



— Plath, 1934. Bumblebees and their ways, p. 151 (life history). 



Morphology: Heinrich, 1972. Science 175: 185-187, 2 figs, (temperature regulation). 

 vandykei (Frison). Wash, to south. Calif. 



Bremus Jlavifrons var. vandykei Frison, 1927. Calif. Acad. Sci., Proc. (4) 16: 375. 5. 

 Pyrobombus (Pyrobombus) cascadensis Milliron, 1970. Canad. Ent. 102: 382. 9, 5. N. syn. 



Taxonomy: Stephen, 1957. Oreg. Agr. Expt. Sta. Tech. Bui. 40: 106-109. 5, 9 (tax. characters, 

 tax. status, geogr. records). —Thorp, 1969. Pan-Pacific Ent. 45: 87-96. 9, 5, d (tax. status, 

 redescription, key to related spp., geogr. and floral records). 

 vosnesenskii Radoszkowski. B. C. south to Calif., Nev. (Washoe County); Mexico (Baja 

 CaHfornia). 

 Bombus vosnesenskii Radoszkowski, 1862. Soc. Nat. Moscou, Bui. 35: 589. 9, i. 

 Bombus columbicus Dalla Torre, 1890. Wien. Ent. Ztg. 9: 139. 



Taxonomy: Michener, 1953. Kans. Univ. Sci. Bui. 35: 1089, fig. 254 (larva). -Stephen, 1957. 

 Oreg. Agr. Expt. Sta. Tech. Bui. 40: 151-155, fig. 31, map 13 (redescription, geogr. records). 



Biology: Hicks, 1929. Pan-Pacific Ent. 5: 97-100 (nest). 



Morphology: Heinrich, 1972. Nature 239: 223-225 (physiology of brood incubation). 



— Heinrich, 1974. Jour. Comp. Physiol. 88: 129-140 (brood incubation). —Heinrich, 1974. 

 Kans. Ent. Soc, Jour. 47: 396-404, 3 figs, (pheromone induced brooding-behavior). 



— Heinrich, 1975. Jour. Comp. Physiol. 96: 155-166, 9 figs, (thermoregulation). 



Genus BOMBUS Subgenus ALPINOBOMBUS Skorikov 



Alpinobombus Skorikov, 1914. Rev. Russe d'Ent. 14: 122. 



Type-species: Apis alpi^ius Linnaeus. Desig. by Frison, 1927. 



Members of this subgenus occur in the Alps, Arctic Eurasia and America, Greenland and the 

 principal cordillera of western North America (Rocky Mountains, Cascades, Sierra Nevada Mts. 

 and some of the Great Basin Mts.). Some of the species are circumpolar in distribution and at 

 least one of the species {Bombus hyperboreus Schonherr) apparently produces no workers when 

 it usurps the nests of other species. 



Taxonomy: Loken, 1973. Norsk Ent. Tidsskr. 20: 94-118, figs. (Scandanavian spp.). 



