Superfamily APOIDEA 2203 



Biology: Milliron and Oliver, 1966. Canad. Ent. 98: 207-213, 6 figs, (nests, nesting habits, 

 usurpation). —Richards, 1973. Quaest. Ent. 9: 115-157, 29 figs., 10 tables (nesting habits, 

 colony development, floral relationships, nest-parasitism, adaptation to arctic 

 environment). — Loken, 1973. Norsk. Ent. Tidsskr. 20: 117-118 (usurpation). 

 polaris polaris Curtis. Holarctic (circumpolar); Arctic Alaska, Canada, Greenland and parts of 



Arctic Eurasia. Ecology: Colonies are sometimes usurped by queens of Bovibus 



hyperboreus Schonherr. Other subspecies, such as Bonibiis polaris diabolicns Friese, 



occur in parts of Arctic Eurasia. 

 BoDibus arcticiis Kirby, 1821. Account of animals seen by northern expedition within 



Arctic Circle, p. 216. 9, 6. Preocc. 

 Bombus polaris Curtis, 1834. Descr. insects brought home by Comdr. James Clark Ross 



second voyage, App. Nat. Hist., p. 62. 9, cj. 

 BoDibus GroenlaiidicHs Smith, 1854. Cat. Hym. Brit. Mus., v. 2, p. 393. 9. 

 Bo7)ibus kincaidii Cockerell, 1898. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) 2: 324. 9,6. 

 Alpinibo7)ibt(s{l) arcticus mod. natvigioides Skorikov, 1937. Ent. Meddel. 20: 56, 57. Nomen 



nudum. 



Taxonomy: Yarrow, 1955. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (12) 8: 152 (tax. status, as arcticus var 

 polaris). —Milliron, 1973. Ent. Soc. Canada, Mem. 89: 98-107, pi. XII, map 9 (synonymy, 

 redescription, geogr. records, in part, includes balteatiis in part). —Loken, 1973. Norsk 

 Ent. Tidsskr. 20: 101-104, figs. 25, 68 (tax. status, nomenclature, synonymy, geogr. range, 

 as arcticus). 



Biology: Milliron and Oliver, 1966. Canad. Ent. 98: 207-213, 6 figs, (nest, nesting habits, 

 usurpation). — RiAards, 1973. Quaest. Ent. 9: 115-157, 29 figs., 10 tables (nesting habits, 

 artificial domiciles, colony development, floral relationships, usurpation, adaptation to 

 arctic environment). —Loken, 1973. Norsk Ent. Tidsskr. 20: 104 (nests). 

 strenuus Cresson. Alaska, Yukon, N. W. T., south to B. C, ?Alta. 



Bombus strenuus Cresson, 1863. Ent. Soc. Phila., Proc. 2: 102. 9, 6. 

 Bombus neoboreus Sladen, 1919. Rpt. Canad. Arctic Exped. 1913-18, v. 3, p. 28g. 9, d, 5. 

 Bombus (Alpinobombtis) hyperboreus clydensis Yarrow, 1955. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. 

 (12)8: 150. 9,6. 



Taxonomy: Milliron, 1973. Ent. Soc. Canada, Mem. 89: 108-111, pi. XII, map 10 (synonymy, 

 redescription, geogr. records). 



Genus BOMBUS Subgenus SUBTERRANEOBOMBUS Vogt 



Bombus subg. Subterraneobombus Vogt, 1911. Gesell. Naturf. Freunde, Sitzber., p. 62. 

 Type-species: Apis siibterraneus Linnaeus. Desig. by Frison, 1927. 



Species of this subgenus occur in Eurasia as far south as the Himalayas and also are found in 

 western North America north of Mexico. 



Biology: Hobbs, 1966. Canad. Ent. 98: 288-294 (ecology of south. Alta. spp.). 

 appositus Cresson. B. C. east to Sask., south to N. Mex., Ariz, and Calif. (Cascades and Sierra 

 Nevada Mts.). Parasite: Melittobia chalybii Ashm., Physocephala texana (Will.), 

 Psithyrus fenialdae Franklin, P. insularis (Sm.), P. suckleyi (Greene). 

 Bombus appositus Cresson, 1878. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Proc. p. 183. 9, <J, 5. 



Taxonomy: Stephen, 1957. Oreg. Agr. Expt. Sta. Tech. Bui. 40: 22-26, fig. 6, map 1 

 (redescription, color variation of vestiture, geogr. records). —Milliron, 1973. Ent. Soc. 

 Canada, Mem. 89: 113-117, pi. XII, map 11 (redescription, geogr. records). 

 borealis Kirby. South. Canada from N. S. to Alta. and north. U. S. from Maine to N. J., west to 

 N. D. and S. Dak. 

 Bo7ubus borealis Kirby, 1837. Fauna Bor.-Amer., v. 4, p. 272. 



Taxonomy: Mitchell, 1962. N. C. Agr. Expt. Sta. Tech. Bui. 152: 522-523, fig. 130, table 18 

 (redescription, geogr. range). —Milliron, 1973. Ent. Soc. Canada, Mem. 89: 117-120, pi. 12, 

 map 12 (redescription, geogr. records). 



Biology: Plath, 1922. Psyche 29: 193-194 (life history). — Plath, 1927. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 

 20: 189 (hibernation). 



