2208 Hymenoptera in America North of Mexico 



Type-species: Apis florea Fabricius. Monotypic and orig. desig. 



Sigmatapis Maa, 1953. Treubia 21: 556. 



Type-species: Apis cerana Fabricius. Orig. desig. 

 mellifera Linnaeus. Worldwide. Introduced in Western Hemisphere. Represented in the Old 

 World by numerous subspecies, several of which have been introduced into North 

 America with the result that much interbreeding has occurred among them. The 

 escaped bees of the woodlands are largely A. mellifera mellifera (German bee) while 

 the beekeepers' bees are largely A. mellifera ligustica (Italian bee). A. mellifera 

 remipes (Caucasian bee) is also utilized by some beekeepers. For convenience these 

 forms are listed below in the synonymy. 



Apis mellifera Linnaeus, 1758. Syst. Nat., Ed. 10, p. 576. 



Apis mellifica Linnaeus, 1761. Fauna Suecica, Ed. 2, p. 421. N. name, proposed 

 unnecessarily to replace mellifera. 



Apis mellifica var. Ligustica Spinola, 1806. Insectorum Liguriae, v. 1, p. 35. 



Apis mellifica var. remipes Gerstaecker, 1862. Geog. Verbr. d. Honigbiene, p. 61. 



Taxonomy: Alpatov, 1929. Quart. Rev. Biol. 4: 1-58 (biometric studies). — Michener, 1953. 

 Kans. Univ. Sci. Bui. 35: 1094, figs. 275-280 (larva). — Torchio and Torchio, 1975. Utah 

 State Agr. Expt. Sta., Research Rpt. 20: 1-36, 78 figs, (larvae). 



Biology: Buttel-Reepen, 1903. Die stammesgeschichtliche Entstehung des Bienenstaates, 167 

 pp., Leipzig, G. Thieme. —Buttel-Reepen, 1915. Leben und Wesen der Bienen, 300 pp., 

 Braunschweig, Vieweg und Sohn. —Philip and Vansell, 1932. Calif. Agr. Expt. Sta., Circ. 

 62: 1-27 (pollination of deciduous fruits). —Butler, 1949. The honeybee, 436 pp., Oxford, 

 Clarendon Press. — Percival, 1950. New Phytol. 49: 40-63 (pollen collection). — Frisch, 1950. 

 Bees, their vision, chemical senses and language, 119 pp., Ithaca, New York, Cornell Univ. 

 Press. — Wykes, 1952. Jour. Expt. Biol. 29: 511-519 (nectar preferences). —Frisch, 1953. 

 Aus dem Leben der Bienen, 180 pp.. Revised ed., Berlin, Springer- Verlag. —Ribbands, 

 1953. The Behavior and Social Life of Honeybees, 352 pp.. Bee Research Assn. Ltd. 

 (republished in 1964, by Dover Publ., Inc., New York). —Butler, 1954. The World of the 

 Honeybee, 226 pp., London, Collins. —Frisch, 1955. The Dancing Bees, 183 pp.. New York, 

 Harcourt, Brace and Co. —Smith, 1960. Beekeeping in the tropics, 265 pp., London, 

 Longmans. — Lindauer, 1961. Communication among social bees, 143 pp., Cambridge, 

 Massachusetts, Harvard Univ. Press. —Singh, 1962. Beekeeping in India, 275 pp.. New 

 Delhi, India Council of Agr. Research. —Grout, 1963. The hive and the honeybee, 652 pp.. 

 Revised, Hamilton, Illinois, Dadant and Sons. —Zander, 1964. Das Leben der bienen, 

 (Handbook der Bienenkunde, vol. 4), 6th edition, Stuttgart, K. Weiss. —Frisch, 1965. 

 Tanzsprache und Orientierung der Bienen, 566 pp., Berlin, Springer-Verlag. (republished 

 in 1967 in English by Belknap Press, Harvard University Press). — Ordetx and Espina, 

 1966. La apicultura en las tropicos, 412 pp., Mexico City, B. Trucco. —Frisch, 1967. The 

 dance language and orientation of bees, 566 pp., Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard Univ. 

 Press. — Chauvin, 1968. Traite de biologie de I'abeUle, vols. I-V, Paris, Masson et Cie. 

 — Wenner, 1971. The bee language controversy, 109 pp.. Educational Programs 

 Improvement Corporation, Boulder, Colo. —Michener, 1975. Ann. Rev. Ent. 20: 399-416 

 (Brazilian bee problem). — Edrich, 1977. Anim. Behaviour 25: 342-363 (interaction of light 

 and gravity in the orientation of the waggle dance). 



Morphology: Stellwaag, 1910. Ztschr. Wiss. Zool. 95: 518-550, 6 figs., 2 pis. (structure and 

 mechanics of flight apparatus). —Frisch, 1915. Zool. Jahrb. abt. Zool. Physiol. 35: 1-182 

 (form and color senses). — Snodgrass, 1925. Anatomy and Physiology of the honeybee, 327 

 pp.. New York, McGraw Hill Co. — Kuhn, 1927. Ztschr. Vergleich. Physiol. 5: 762-800 (color 

 vision). —Trojan, 1930. Ztschr. Morph. Okol. Tiere 19: 678-685 (Dufour's gland). —Hertz, 

 1939. Jour. Expt. Biol. 16: 1-8 (color vision). —Snodgrass, 1942. Smithsn. Misc. Coll. 103: 

 1-120, 32 figs, (skeleto-muscular mechanisms). —Snodgrass, 1956. Anatomy of the 

 honeybee, 334 pp., Ithaca, New York, Cornell Univ. Press. —Simpson, 1960. Jour. Ins. 

 Physiol. 4: 107-121 (function of salivary glands). — Barbier and Lederer, 1960. Acad. Sci. 

 Paris, Compt. Rend. 250: 4467-4469 (chemical structure of royal jelly). —Barbier, Lederer 

 and Nomura, 1960. Acad. Sci. Paris, Compt. Rend. 251: 1133-1135 (synthesis of substances 

 in royal jelly). —Barbier and Pain, 1960. Acad. Sci. Paris, Compt. Rend. 250: 3740 



