Superfamily APOIDEA 2137 



lippiae semilippiae (Cockerell). Ariz. 



Synhalonia lippiae semilippiae Cockerell, 1905. Biol. Soc. Wash., Proc. 18: 179. 9. 

 neotomae Cockerell. N. Mex. 



Xenoglossodes neotomae Cockerell, 1906. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 32: 314. 9,6. 

 pallidicauda Cockerell. Tex. 



Xenoglossodes pallidicauda Cockerell, 1934. Amer. Mus. Novitates 697: 11. 9. 

 parksi (Cockerell). Tex. (vicinity of San Antonio). Pollen: Unknown, but visits flowers of 

 Convolvulus hennannioides. 



Melissodes agilis var. parksi Cockerell, 1935. Amer. Mus. Novitates 766: 5. 6. 

 pimella (Cockerell). Ariz. 



Melissodes pimella Cockerell, 1906. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) 17: 363. 6. 

 pomonae (Cockerell). Calif, (cismontane). Pollen: Possibly an oligolege of Hemizonia including 

 H.fasciculata, H. parryi, H. virgata. 



Tetralonia pomonae Cockerell, 1915. Pomona Jour. Ent. Zool. 7: 230. 6. 



Tetralonia pomona(\) Cockerell, 1930. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (10) 5: 410. 

 spissa (Cresson). Colo., Tex. 



Melissodes spissa Cresson, 1872. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 4: 280. 9. 

 wilmattae Cockerell. Tex. 



Xenoglossodes wilmattae Cockerell, 1917. In W. P. Cockerell, N. Y. Ent. Soc, Jour. 25: 191. 

 9. 



Genus PEPONAPIS Robertson 



Although the genus Peponapis is present in both North and South America, different species 

 occupy each continent, and while these faunas are '\j\ near geographic contact in the Panamani- 

 an-Colombian region they are evidently isolated from one another. Like the bees of the genus 

 Xenoglossa, they are solely dependent upon the pollen and to a large extent upon the nectar of 

 both cultivated and uncultivated Cucurbita (squashes, gourds and pumpkins). Also as in 

 Xenoglossa, the males commonly spend most of the day and a good part of the night in the 

 wilted and closed flowers of these plants. It is not unusual to encounter females at the beginning 

 of the nesting season in the wilted and closed flowers. One species, Peponapis pruinosa (Say) 

 has been introduced into Hawaii (Oahu and Hawaii), but it is not known whether the species has 

 become successfully established. The pollen collecting devices of these bees are species-specific 

 and apparently this has influenced the ability of the different species to collect and utilize pol- 

 lens of the various Cucurbita, both wild and domestic. At least several of the species have ex- 

 tended their ranges well beyond their original distribution following the spread and develop- 

 ment of cultivated Cucurbita. Unquestionably these bees are the most important pollinators of 

 the squashes, gourds and pumpkins. 



Revision: Kurd and Linsley, 1964. Hilgardia 35: 425-472, figs. 1, 2, 12-18 (U. S. spp.). — Hurd 

 and Linsley, 1966. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 59: 835-851, 12 figs., 1 table, 8 maps (U. S. and 

 Mexican spp.). —Hurd and Linsley, 1970. Calif. Univ. Pubs. Ent. 62: 1-39, 11 figs., 4 tables, 

 3 maps (classification). 



Taxonomy: Mitchell, 1962. N. C. Agr. Expt. Sta. Tech. Bui. 152: 244-246, fig. 72 (eastern U. S. 

 sp.). — Rozen, 1965. Amer. Mus. Novitates 2233: 6, 11, figs. 20-27 (larva). 



Biology: Michelbacher, Smith and Hurd, 1964. Calif. Agr. 18: 2-4, figs, (pollination of 

 squashes, gourds and pumpkins). —Hurd and Linsley, 1964. Hilgardia 35: 376-382, 2 tables 

 (biol. summary). —Michelbacher, Hurd and Linsley, 1968. Bee World 49: 159-167, 6 figs, 

 (feasibility of introducing squash bees into the Old World). —Hurd, Linsley and Whitaker, 

 1971. Evolution 25: 218-234, 4 figs., 3 tables (squash bees and origin of cultivated 

 Cucurbita): —Michelbacher, Hurd and Linsley, 1971. Bee World 52: 156-166, 4 figs, 

 (experimental introduction of squash bees to improve yields of squashes, gourds and 

 pumpkins). 



Genus PEPONAPIS Subgenus EOPEPONAPIS Hurd and Linsley 



Peponapis subg. Eopeponapis Hurd and Linsley, 1970. Calif. Univ. Pubs. Ent. 62: 20. 

 Type-species: Xenoglossa utahensis Cockerell. Orig. desig. 



