Superfamily APOIDEA 2193 



Ent. 99: 943-951 (management of red clover pollinating spp.). — Hobbs, 1967. Canad. Ent. 

 99: 1271-1292 (ecology of Pyrobo7nbus). —Hobbs, 1968. Canad. Ent. 100: 156-164 (ecology 

 o{ Bombus, s. sir.). —Husband, 1968. Mich. Acad. Sci. Arts Letters, Papers, 53: 109-112 

 (Acarina associated with Mich. spp.). — Plowright and Jay, 1968. Ins. Sociaux 15: 171-192 

 (caste differentiation: determination of female size). — Alford, 1969. Jour. Anim. Ecol. 38: 

 149-170 (hibernation). —Eaton and Stewart, 1969. Canad. Ent. 101: 149-150 (damage of 

 blueberry blossoms by bumblebees). —Alford, 1970. Ins. Sociaux 17: 1-10 (incipient stages 

 of colonial development). —Free, 1970. Jour. Anim. Ecol. 39: 395-402 (flower constancy). 

 — Free, 1971. Behaviour 40: 55-61 (stimuli eliciting mating behavior). — Kevan, 1972. Jour. 

 Ecol. 60: 831-847, 1 fig., 4 tables (pollination of high arctic flowers). —Richards, 1973. 

 Quaest. Ent. 9: 115-157, 29 figs, (life histories of arctic spp.). —Richards, 1974. Kans. Ent. 

 Soc, Jour. 47: 141-142 (nest site selection, Alta. spp.). — Macior, 1974. Melanderia 15: 1-59, 

 10 tables (pollination ecology of spp. in front range of Colorado Rocky Mountains). 

 — Michener, 1974. The social behavior of the bees, chapter 28: 314-328, figs., Cambridge, 

 Massachusetts, The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press (natural history). 

 — Heinrich, 1975. hi Gilbert and Raven, Coevolution of animals and plants, pp. 141-158, 4 

 figs., 2 tables (energetics). —Macior, 1975. Amer. Jour. Bot. 62: 1009-1016, 19 figs., 7 tables 

 (role in pollination of Delphinium tricome). —Macior, 1975. Amer. Jour. Bot. 62: 

 1065-1072, 21 figs., 7 tables (role in pollination of Pedicularis). —Richards, 1976. Kans. 

 Univ. Sci. Bui. 50: 731-773, 31 figs, (parasitid mites associated with bumblebees). 

 —Richards and Richards, 1976. Kans. Univ. Sci. Bui. 51: 1-18, 6 figs., 6 tables (relationships 

 of parasitid mites associated with bumblebees). —Heinrich, 1976. Amer. Sci. 64: 384-395, 14 

 figs, (foraging behavior and economics of sociality). —Heinrich, 1976. Ecol. Monogr. 46: 

 105-128 (foraging). — Oster and Heinrich, 1976. Ecol. Monogr. 46: 129-133 (foraging). 



Morphology: Cockerell and M'Nary, 1902. Canad. Ent. 34: 71-72 (mouthparts). — Barendrecht, 

 1931. Acta Zool. 12: 153-204, 23 figs, (corpora pedunculata). —Palm, 1948. Vlllth Internatl. 

 Congr. Ent., Proc, pp. 289-292, 2 figs, (effect of parasitic action on queens).— 

 Palm, 1948. Opusc. Ent., Sup. 7: 3-101 (histology of ovaries). —Palm, 1949. Opusc. 

 Ent. 14: 27-47, 8 figs, (pharyngeal gland). — Medler, 1962. Canad. Ent. 94: 825-833 

 (development and absorption of eggs). — Kullenberg, Bergstrom and Stallberg-Stenhagen, 

 1970. Acta Chem. Scandinav. 24: 1481-1482 (volatile components of cephalic marking 

 secretion of males). —Heinrich, 1972. Jour. Comp. Physiol. 77: 65-79 (patterns of 

 endothermy in queens, drones and workers). —Heinrich, 1974. Kans. Ent. Soc, Jour. 47: 

 396-404, 3 figs, (pheromone induced brooding behavior). —Heinrich, 1976. Jour. Expt. Biol. 

 64: 561-585, 24 figs, (heat exchange). 



Genus BOMBUS Subgenus BOMBUS Latreille 



Bremus Jurine, 1801. Intell. Blatt. Litt.-Ztg. Erlangen 1: 164. Name suppressed by 

 Internatl. Comn. Zool. Nomencl., Op. 135, 1939. 



Type-species: Apis terrestris Linnaeus. Desig. by Morice and Durrant, 1915. 

 Bombus Latreille, 1802. Hist. Nat. Fourmis, p. 437. 



Type-species: Apis terrestris Linnaeus. Monotypic. 

 Bremus Panzer, 1804(7). Faunae Ins. German., h. 85. 



Type-species: Apis agrortim Fabricius. Desig. by Sandhouse, 1943. 

 Bombus subg. Leucobombus Dalla Torre, 1880. Naturhistoriker, v. 2, p. 40. 



Type-species: Apis terrestris Linnaeus. Desig. by Sandhouse, 1943. 

 Bombus subg. Terrestribombus Vogt, 1911. Gesell. Naturf. Freunde, Sitzber., p. 55. 



Type-species: Apis terrestris Linnaeus. Desig. by Frison, 1927. 



This subgenus occurs in the Holarctic Region as well as parts of southeastern and 

 southwestern Asia. 



Biology: Hobbs, 1968. Canad. Ent. 100: 156-164 (ecology of south. Alta. spp.). 

 affinis Cresson. Que. and Ont. south to Ga., west to S. Dak and N. Dak. Ecology: Frequently 

 usurps colonies of Boyribus terricola Kirby. Parasite: Psithyrus ashtoni (Cress.). 

 Bo77ibus affinis Cresson, 1863. Ent. Soc. Phila., Proc. 2: 103. i, $. 

 Bombus affinis var. novae-angliae Bequaert, 1920. Psyche 27: 6. i, $. 



