2186 Hymenoptera in America North of Mexico 



califortiica, Haplopappus lineanfolius, H. parishii, Isomeris arborea, Larrea tridentata, 

 Lepidospartum, Ligustrum, Lupinus austromontanus, L. grayi, L. parishii, Penstemon 

 palmeri, Phacelia heterophylla, Salvia, Stachys, Stanleya pinnata. Yucca whipplei. 



Xylocopa califomica diamesa Hurd, 1954. Pan-Pacific Ent. 30: 202. 6,9. 

 virginica krombeini Hurd. Southern Fla. Predator: Horstia virginica Baker. 



Xylocopa (Xylocopoides) virginica krombeini Hurd, 1961. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 87: 251. 

 cJ, 9. 



Biology: Krombein, 1967. Trap-nesting wasps and bees, pp. 347-348, pi. 20, fig. 101 (nest 



architecture, life history, predator). 

 virginica texana Cresson. South. Kans. to Tex. Pollen: Apparently polylectic, visits flowers of 

 Asclepias, Calyophus serrulata, Cercis canadensis, Eryngium, Passiflora incamata, 

 Rubus, Salvia pitcheri, Vitex. 



Xylocopa texana Cresson, 1872. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 4: 283. 3,9. 

 virginica virginica (Linnaeus). New England and adjacent Canada (Great Lakes region), south 

 to centr. Fla., west to Nebr., Kans., Okla. and east. Tex. Ecology: Nests in dead, sound 

 wood of many kinds of trees, including structural timbers. Parasite: Anthrax tigrinus 

 (DeG.), Villa sinuosus (Wied.). Pollen: Polylectic, visits flowers of a wide variety of both 

 native and introduced plants including Abelia, Amsonia tabemaemontayia, Amygdalus 

 persica, Aquilegia vulgaris, Asclepias incamata, A. pulchra, A. tome^itosa. Azalea, 

 Barbarea barbarea, Bidens, Brauneria, Ceanothus ovatus, Camus, Cyrilla racemiflora, 

 Diervilla japonica, Diospyros kaki, Eupatorium perfoliatum. Ilex, Lespedeza, Lonicera, 

 flava, L. japonica, Lythrum alatum, Malus, Medicago sativa, Melilotus alba, Mertensia, 

 Monarda, Opuntia, Passiflora incaryiata, Pedicularis canadensis, Petalostemon, 

 Petunia, Phlomis tuberosa. Phlox divaricata, Physostegia, Plumbago capensis, Prunus, 

 Rhododendron nudiflorum, Rhus glabra, Robinia pseudoacacia, Rubus, Salvia azurea 

 grandiflora, Sassafras, Solidago canadensis, Stachys, Symphytum officinale, Syriiiga 

 vulgaris, Trifolium incamatum, T. pratense, Vacciriium corymbosum, V. vacillans. 

 Verbena, Viburnum molle, Vicia villosa. Wistaria siyiensis. Predator: Woodpeckers and 

 orioles. 



Apis Virginica Linnaeus, 1771. Mant. Plant., v. 2, p. 450. 



Apis Virginica Drury, 1773. lUust. Nat. Hist. Exotic Ins., v. 1 (index), p. 2. 



Apis analis Fabricius, 1775. Systema Ent., p. 384. 



Centris Carolina Fabricius, 1804. Systema Piezatorum, p. 357. 6. 



Taxonomy: Michener, 1953. Kans. Univ. Sci. Bui. 35: 1062, figs. 167-172 (larva). —Hurd, 1955. 

 Calif. Ins. Surv., Bui. 4: 50, map 1 (distribution, floral records, nesting substrates). 

 —Moure, 1960. Studia Ent. 3: 160 (synonymy). 



Biology: Angus, 1868. Amer. Nat. 1: 157 (parasite). —Walsh, 1868. Amer. Ent. 1: 9, f. 4 

 (habits, nest). —Packard, 1868. Amer. Nat. 1: 369-371, pi. 10, figs. 3-7 (nest, life history, 

 parasite). —Angus, 1869. Amer. Nat. 2: 48 (parasite). —Angus, 1869. Amer. Nat. 2: 49 

 (hibernation). —Packard, 1869. Guide to the study of insects, pp. 132-134, pi. 4 (habits). 

 —Campbell, 1873. Nature 8: 253 (predation by Baltimore orioles). —Packard, 1873. Our 

 common insects, p. 21-24 (habits). —Gentry, 1875. Amer. Nat. 9: 264-266 (pollination). 

 —Turner, 1878. Amer. Nat. 12: 627-628 (nest, predation by woodpeckers). —Mann, 1882. 

 Psyche 3: 298 (flower piercing habits). — Murtfeldt, 1882. Psyche 3: 343 (flower piercing 

 habits). — Pammel, 1888. Acad. Sci. St. Louis, Trans. 5: 241-277 (pollination, flower piercing 

 habits). —Howard, 1892. Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc. 2: 331 (hibernation). —Howard, 1902. The 

 insect book. N. Y.: Doubleday, Page and Co., p. 9 (nest). — Ashmead, 1894. Psyche 7: 23 

 (nesting habits). — Comstock and Comstock, 1895. Manual for Study of Insects, p. 670 

 (nesting habits). -Adams, 1915. 111. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Bui. 11: 45, 47, 104, 198-199 (life 

 history). — Burrill, 1925. Science (n. s.) 62 (1597): 134 (flower piercing habits). — Rau, 1926. 

 Acad. Sci. St. Louis, Trans. 25: 162 (life history, parasite). —Rau, 1929. Jour. Compar. 

 Psychol. 9: 37 (homing experimentation). —Rau, 1931. Jour. Compar. Psychol. 12: 257 

 (homing experimentation). —Rau, 1933. The jungle bees and wasps of Barro Colorado 

 Island. Publ. by Phil Rau, Kirkwood, St. Louis Co., Mo., pp. 225-226, figs, (habits and 

 instincts, life history). —Burrill, 1934. Missouri State Museum, Bui. 11: 3-4 (flower piercing 

 habits). —Weiss and Smith, 1940. U. S. Dept. Agr. Circular 556: 16-19, fig. (flower-spot 



