Superfamily APOIDEA 2187 



disease transmission). —Franklin, 1951. Kans. Agr. Expt. Sta. Tech. Bui. 70: 1-64 

 (pollination). — Hurd, 1955. Calif. Ins. Surv., Bui. 4: 50 (nesting substrates). —Chandler, 

 1958. Pest Control 26: 36, 38, 40, 47, 3 figs, (economic damage). —Hurd, 1958. Ent. Soc. 

 Amer., Ann. 51: 368, 373-374, fig. 5 (nesting substrates). —Hurd, 1959. Kans. Ent. Soc, 

 Jour. 32: 56-57 (beefly parasitism). — Balduf, 1961. Brooklyn Ent. Soc, Bui. 56: 81-84 (nest 

 associates). —Balduf, 1962. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 55: 263-271, 3 figs, (life history). 

 — Sabrosky, 1962. Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc 64: 184 (mating behavior). —Dorr and Martin, 

 1966. Michigan Quart. Bui. 48: 445 (flower piercing habits). — Krombein, 1967. Trap-nesting 

 wasps and bees, pp. 345-346 (nest architecture, life history). — Marston, 1970. Smithsn. 

 Contrib. Zool. 43: 119 (beefly parasitism). — Gerling and Hermann, 1976. Entomophaga 21: 

 227-223, 3 figs., 3 tables (beefly parasitism). 



Morphology: Milliron, 1958. Brooklyn Ent. Soc, Bui. 53: 66-68 (gynandromorph). 

 Genus XYLOCOPA Subgenus NEOXYLOCOPA Michener 



Xylocopa subg. Neoxylocopa Michener, 1954. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Bui. 104: 157. 

 Type-species: Apis brasilianonim Linnaeus. Orig. desig. 

 mexicanorum Cockerell. Tex. to east. Ariz.; Mexico. 



Xylocopa mexicanorum Cockerell, 1912. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) 9: 555. 9. 

 varipuncta Patton. Ariz, Nev., Calif.; Mexico. Ecology: Nests in rotting or decaying wood. 



Parasite: lAyithrax simson habrosus Marston. Pollen: Polylectic, visits a wide variety of 

 flowers including Acacia, Argemone, Asclepias, Astragalus parishii, Brassica 

 campestris, Buddleia, Calliopsis, Ceanothus hookeri, Cercidium Torreyanum, Cucurbita 

 foetidissima, C. maxima, C. mixta, C. moschata, C. pepo. Datura meteloides, 

 Eschscholzia califomica, Gossypium, Lantana camara, Larrea tridentata, Lathyrus 

 odoratus, Lonicera japonica, Lupinus paynei, Lycopersicum esculentum, Medicago 

 sativa, Oenothera hookeri, Parkinsonia aculeata, Passiflora, Penstemon antirrhinoides, 

 Prosopis glandulosa var. torreyanum. Salvia, Sesbania macrocarpa, Solayiimi 

 douglasii, S. elaeagnifolium, Sphaeralcea emoryi, Trichostema lanceolatum, Vitex 

 pyramidata, Wislizetiia refracta, W. r. var. mamillata. Wistaria. X. sonorina Smith, 

 described from Hawaii, has been regarded by some investigators as a senior synonym. 



Xylocopa varipuncta Patton, 1879. Canad. Ent. 11: 60. 9. 



Biology: Nininger, 1916. Pomona Jour. Ent. Zool. 8: 164-165 (nest, life table data). —Hurd, 

 1958. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 51: 369, fig. 1. — Janzen, 1964. Pan-Pacific Ent. 40: 65-66 (nest). 

 —Marston, 1970. Smithsn. Contrib. Zool. 43: 5 (possible parasite). —Hurd and Linsley, 

 1975. Smithsn. Contrib. Zool. 193: 47-48 (intrafloral ecology). 



Morphology: Gordh and Gulmahamad, 1975. Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc. 77: 269-273, 8 figs, 

 (gynandromorph). 



Genus XYLOCOPA Subgenus STENOXYLOCOPA Hurd and Moure 



Xylocopa subg. Stenoxylocopa Hurd and Moure, 1960. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 53: 809. 

 Type-species: Xylocopa artifex Smith. Orig. desig. 



Taxonomy: Hurd and Moure, 1960. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 53: 809-821, 14 figs., 2 tables 



(synopsis and summary of biological information). 

 artifex Smith. Mts. of south. Ariz, to Argentina. Ecology: Nests in hollow culms, usually dead, 

 of bamboo and related plants including Arundo donax, Chusquea bambusoidea, Guadua, 

 Merostachys clausseni. Pollen: Presumably polylectic, visits in South America flowers 

 of Baccharis dracuncidifolia, Cassia bicapsularis, C. splendida, Crotalaria paulina, 

 Leonurus sibircus, Passiflora, Solanum atropurpureum, S. balbisii, S. paniculatum, 

 Tecoma ipe. 



Xylocopa artifex Smith, 1874. Ent. Soc. London, Trans., p. 289. 9. 



Xylocopa erratica Smith, 1874. Ent. Soc. London, Trans., p. 293. 6. 



Taxonomy: Hurd, 1955. Calif. Ins. Surv., Bui. 4: 62-63 (synonymy, distribution). 



