Superfamily APOIDEA 2059 



1972. Melanderia 10: 23-30, 7 figs, (control of Sapyga piunila Cress.). —Telford, Johansen 

 and Eves, 1972. Mededel. Fakult. Landbouwwetensch. Gent 37: 776-783 (management 

 practices and insecticide poisoning). — Szabo and Smith, 1972. Apiculture Res., Jour. 11: 

 157-165 (influence of light and temperature on adult activity). — Hobbs, 1972. Bee World 

 53: 167-173 (beekeeping with alfalfa leafcutter bees in Canada). —Thorp and Briggs, 1972. 

 Environ. Ent. 1: 399-401 (mortality of immatures in relation to alfalfa saponins). 

 — Klostermeyer, Mech and Rasmussen, 1973. Kans. Ent. Soc, Jour. 46: 536-548 (se.x and 

 weight of progeny with provision weights). — Santis, 1973. Cienc. e Abejas 2: 15-19 

 (parasites). —Hobbs, 1973. Canada Dept. Agr., Publ. 1495: 1-30 (use in alfalfa pollination). 

 — Torchio, 1974. Utah State Univ. Agr. Expt. Sta., UMC 48, Res. Rept. 16: 1-13, 18 figs. 

 (biology and control of Sapyga pumila Cress., a parasite). —Parker and Pedersen, 1975. 

 Environ. Ent. 4: 103-104 (effect of alfalfa saponins on larval mortality). — Tasei, 1975. 

 Apidologie 6: 1-57 (adaptation of N. Amer. population introduced into France). —Davis, 

 Johansen, and Eves, 1975. Apiculture Research, Jour. 14: 101-104, table (synthetic 

 attractants). —Stephen and Undurraga, 1976. Jour. Apicult. Res. 15: 81-87, 4 figs. 

 (x-radiography, an analytical tool in population studies). —Hobbs and Richards, 1976. 

 Canad. Ent. 108: 165-167 (selection for univoltine strain). — Batra, 1976. Kans. Ent. Soc, 

 Jour. 49: 18-22, tables 1-2 (comparative efficiency in alfalfa pollination). 



Morphology: Gerber and Akre, 1969. Melanderia 1: 1-36 (external). — Wachmann, Richter and 

 Schricker, 1973. Ztschr. f. Morph. Tiere 76: 109-128 (fine structure of compound eye). 



Genus MEGACHILE Subgenus DELOMEGACHILE Viereck 



Megacbile subg. Delomegachile Viereck, 1916. Conn. State Geol. and Nat. Hist. Survey, 

 Bui. 22: 745. 



Type-species: Megachile frigida Smith. Monotypic. (=Megachile vidua Smith). 

 addenda Cresson. Que., Ont. and N. H. to Fla., west to Mich., Kans., Tex., and Calif. Pollen: 

 Apparently polylectic, visits flowers of Amorpha canescens, Asclepias, Baptisia 

 tinctoria, Coreopsis, Dianthera, Encelia califomica, Gillenia, Hieracium, Hypericum, 

 Oenothera, Opuyitia vulgaris, Penstemon, Polycodium, Psoralea floribiinda, Rosa, 

 Rubus, Teplirosia virginiana, Vacciniuyn. 



Megachile addenda Cresson, 1878. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 7: 124. 9,6. 



Megachile 7nanu7uuskin Viereck, 1902. Canad. Ent. 34: 328. 9, 6. 



Biology: Graenicher, 1905. Wis. Nat. Hist. Soc. 3: 160-162 (nest). 

 frigida appalachensis Mitchell. N. Y. to Ga. in the Appalachian Mts. Pollen: Unknown, but 

 visits flowers of A pocynum, Baptisia, Coreopsis, Galax, Koellia, Penstemon, 

 Pycnanthemum, Rhododendron catawabiense, Venionia glauca. 

 Megachile {Delomegachile) vidua var. appalachensis Mitchell, 1935. Amer. Ent. Soc, 

 Trans. 61: 205. 9,6. 

 frigida frigida Smith. Alaska and Canada, south to Pa., Mich., and Nebr. and in the mts. to N. 

 Mex., Ariz, and cent. Calif. Ecology: Nesting in decaying poplar and also in borings in 

 wood. Parasite: Coelioxys funeraria Sm., C. moesta Cress., C. porterae Ckll., C. sodalis 

 Ckll. Pollen: Unknown, but visits flowers of A pocynum. Astragalus, Campanula, 

 Castilleia, Chamaenerion angustifolium, Epilobium, Iris, Malvastru7)t, Marrubium 

 vulgare, Medicago sativa, Melilotus, Mimulus, Monarda, Penstemon, Phacelia, 

 Polemonitim, Robiiiia, Rosa. Symphoricarpos, Trifolium, Verbena, Vicia. 

 Megachile frigida Smith, 1853. Cat. Hym. Brit. Mus.," v. 1, p. 193. 6. 

 Megachile monardarum Cockerell, 1900. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) 6: 11. 9. 



Taxonomy: Cockerell, 1905. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 31: 338. —Cockerell, 1905. Amer. Ent. 

 Soc, Trans. 31: 337. —Mitchell, 1962. N. C. Agr. Expt. Sta. Tech. Bui. 152: 133-134, figs. 

 43-45 (redescription). 



Biology: Stephen, 1956. Pan-Pacific Ent. 32: 95-98 (life history). — Medler and Lussenhop, 

 1968. Wis. Univ. Res. Bui. 274: 21-22 (life history, parasite). 

 gemula cressonii Dalla Torre. Wash., Nev., Ariz. 



Megachile carboiiaria Cresson, 1879. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 7: 208. 9. Preocc 

 Megachile cressonii Dalla Torre, 1896. Cat. Hym., v. 10, p. 427. N. name. 

 Megachile vandykei Cockerell, 1925. Calif. Acad. Sci., Proc (4) 14: 205. 9. 



