562 



cii:ig for himself. Those brandies of labor, therefore, only are le- 

 gitimate which leave to every othei' individual an equal right to the 

 performance of the same labor, and the enjo3Tnent of its fruits. And 

 though despotism in all its forms, whether spiritual or temporal, and by 

 any and every appliance of deceit, force or fraud — by its standing ar- 

 mies, by its hosts of officials, its police or its spies — by all the efforts 

 which it can make to keep the people ignorant and degraded — may ex- 

 pend as much labor, physical and mental, as would suffice, if turned to 

 production, to supph the wants of all its subjects ; yet the tendency of 

 all such labor is to diminish the aggregate of human enjoyment, as it 

 tends to rob the mamj for the support of the few, and actually perverts 

 the labor of its subjects to the production of want, destitution and mis- 

 ery, taking a large class of the population from useful labor, and ena- 

 bling them, often compelling them, to live upon the laboi-s of the rest. 



Labor, as I have already stated, is of two classes or kinds ; first, 

 physical or bodily labor ; and second, mental labor, or the labor of the 

 intellect. But to produce any definite or useful results, these must be 

 more or less combined. Without the aid of the intellect to some ex- 

 tent, all physical human labor would be thrown away — the mere exer- 

 tion of idiotic force. And on the other hand, without the aid of phys- 

 ical labor to grapple with matter and to apply to it the discoveries of 

 science, the grandest efforts of the intellect, the most stupendous discov- 

 eries of science, would be equally abortive. No amount of physical 

 strength could force the metals from their native ores; and without 

 physical labor, the genius of Franklin or Fulton would have been 

 wasted upon castles in the air. 



Hence, labor is found to be productive in proportion to the degree of 

 intelligence by which it is aided and directed. To accomplish any given 

 result, man must first know the means, and how and where to direct 

 his efforts. This knowledge is not intuitive, but is all to be acquired ; 

 there are but two ways of acquiring this knowledge ; first, by our own 

 personal observation and experience ; secondly, by availing ourselves of 

 the observation and experience of others. If every individual were 

 confined to his own observation and experience, without the ability to 

 avail himself of the observation and experience of others, it is obvious 

 there could be no such thing as general increase of knowledge or pro- 

 gressive advancement of the race. Great as might be the knowledge 



