92 QUARTERLY CHRONICLE. 



gall-capillaries, and as to the membrane of the finest gall- 

 vessels. He describes his method of preparation and injec- 

 tion, which in amphibia appears to have depended on the 

 absorption of flviids injected beneath the skin while the 

 animal was living. He figures the small lateral processes 

 spoken of, and with regard to the membrane of the ducts 

 observes that whether it be considered as a development of 

 intracellular substance, or formed by the cell-walls, there is 

 a true cuticle to the finest ducts. The observations on the 

 development of pigment in the liver in amphibia are extremely 

 interesting. Amongst other facts observed, Herr Eberth 

 found that in the Salamanders in spring, the cortical sub- 

 stance of the liver, and its continuation in the deeper 

 parts of the liver, consists of a mass of cells^ exhibiting active 

 amoeboid movement. 



3. '' Studies on the Structure of the Cerebral Cortical Sub- 

 stance," by Dr. R. Arndt. 



4. " The Ciliary Muscle of Man," by F. E. Schultze. 

 This paper give a most minute account of the attachments 



and distribution of the fibres of the ciliary muscle, illustrated 

 with a coloured plate. The author has used chromic acid in 

 his studies. He remarks that the results of this anatomical 

 investigation lead to a theory of the accommodation of the 

 eye in sight, identical with that of Helmholz, for all the 

 movements required by Helmholz's theory are provided for. 

 We already have learnt that, in the movement of accommoda- 

 tion, the stretching of the zonula leads to the decrease of the 

 curvature of the anterior surface of the lens, and the conse- 

 quent pushing forward of the middle and pupillary edge of 

 the iris. It is quite clear that a small contraction of the side 

 of the lens must take place by this curvature of the middle, 

 because the mass of the lens cannot be changed more or less. 

 Consequently it is easy to understand the small decrease in 

 the curvature of the posterior face of the lens, the mid-point 

 of which never leaves its place, as well as the small retro- 

 cession of the outer edge of the iris, both Avhich phenomena 

 may be ascertained in the living subject during the process 

 of accommodation. The widening of the pupil in accommoda- 

 tion for near objects can be explained. Professor Schulze con- 

 siders, by his view, in consequence of the compression of the 

 arteries of the iris which pass into and run along the ciliary 

 muscle, whilst the exit of the blood through the veins is not 

 in any way checked. The experiments of C. A'olker and 

 V. Hensen on dogs, by irritation of the ciliary nerve, agree 

 with the results arrived at by the author's anatomical 

 investigation. 



