136 Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts, and Letters. 



of quartzite, lying in such positions as to leave no doubt that 

 they fell from above and buried themselves in the soft sands 

 and were thus not subjected to erosion. This may be seen at 

 Ablemau, near the western extremity of the outcrop, and in 

 ■the town of Caledonia, near the eastern extremity, and more 

 than twenty miles distant. It occurs on both the inner and 

 outer side of the range. 



From these facts it appears that the deposit was not, on the 

 one hand, beneath the limit of wave action on the shifting 

 sands, nor, on the other, so near the surface as to be subject 

 to the more violent assorting and eroding action of the 

 breakers. 



4. There came a time, however, when this last became true 

 .and resulted in the formation of a conglomerate marked cc, 

 in fig. 2. The well rounded pebbles of this conglomerate are 

 evidently from the adjacent quartzite and vary in size from 

 the fraction of an inch to three or four inches in diameter. The 

 matrix is similar to the under and over-lying sandstones. This 

 is not a mere local formation, as might be supposed. I have 

 observed it at Ableman, at the canon of Narrows creek, two 

 miles further west, where one of the finest sections in the 

 whole region occurs, at two or three points south of this in 

 the towns of Freedom and Westfield, at Devil's lake, at the 

 mill about four miles east of the lake, at the chapel three 

 miles east of the last point, in section 35, town of Caledonia, 

 near the eastern extremity of the outcrop, and again on the 

 north range in section 22 of the same town ; in other words, at 

 every point where an opportuniiy for observation presented 

 itself. As near as could be judged, the elevation at all these 

 points was about the same. 



The conglomerate was not observed to exceed 30 feet in 

 thickness, and was usually much less. Its definition both 

 above and below is sharp, and would seem to indicate a sud- 

 den elevation which caused the shallow beach necessary to its 

 formation. 



