DAIRYING IN EUROPE AND AMERICA. 49 



teachers, or experts in the future, and every effort is made to 

 provide them with situations upon leaving. 



Baden. 



Radolfzell. — This is an important school for the instruc- 

 tion of girls in dairying and housekeeping. The course com- 

 mences in November and concludes in March, extending over 

 five months ; and again commencing in May, and ending in 

 September. The winter course is conducted at the cost of the 

 Grand Duke of Baden — similar instruction being given at 

 Binningen and Mainau. The system has proved so successful 

 that the various schools now receive 123 pupils from sixteen 

 years of age and upwards, for the first course. From the 

 founding of the institution in 1886 the monies, grants, and 

 donations received, including those from the Grand Duke 

 and Duchess, the Ministry of the Interior, and fifteen mayors 

 of towns in Baden, amount to 4497 marks. Each pupil 

 pays for lodging the sum of £1, 10s. per course. The payment 

 for board is based on the actual cost of which pupils are required 

 to keep an account. On the average, this amounts to 9d, per 

 day. Each pupil also pays £1 for entry, towards general 

 expenses and for books. There are other charges, including the 

 use of materials and washing, bringing up the total cost per 

 course to from £7 to £8. The institution itself costs the sum 

 of £1670, and is held under the security of thirteen burghers of 

 the town. One of the chief objects is to procure dairy appli- 

 ances and machines which are not found in dairies of the better 

 class of farmers, even though they may not be suitable for the 

 special wants of the school. The inventory furnished to us 

 shows that these are valued at £325. 



Winter pupils are the most numerous, more applications being 

 received than can be provided for, but all summer applicants 

 are generally received. The instruction in theory lasts two 

 hours daily, and this includes the use of the microscope, the 

 knowledge of elementary chemistry, instruction in such sciences 

 as deal especially with temperature, steam, weights and measures, 

 feeding stuffs, fermentation, and dairy farming in general. The 

 text-book on dairying is by Mr Schafer, the director of the 

 institution. The general receipts by the management from the 

 pupils is £120; the rent of the institution is £80, in addition 

 to sums provided by the town, the agricultural societies, and 

 the subscribers named above. 



Oldenburg. 



Rastede. — The Dairy Institute of Rastede, which was opened 

 in 1875, is for the instruction of young women in dairying 

 VOL. XX. D 



