38 EDUCATION IX DAIRY FARMING, AND 



There were also experiments with samples of milk and other 

 products which were submitted to the station ; these included 

 360 samples of milk produced by a dairy company. In this 

 case 30 samples arrived monthly, also 57 samples of other milk, 

 13 of skimmed milk, 9 of butter, 5 of rennet, 4 of colouring 

 matter, 1 of condensed milk, 1 of whey, and 1 of milk sugar. 

 Of the 57 samples of new milk, 47 per cent, were adulterated 

 with water. The result of their experiments induced the officials 

 at the station to recommend buyers to pay for milk according to 

 its fatty contents. One experiment was made with a mixture 

 of butter and fat which contained 20^ per cent, of water. This 

 mixture was manufactured by the American who attempted to 

 demonstrate in England how to produce four times the normal 

 quantity of butter from a given quantity of cream. The article 

 he produced in Germany, when analysed by the experts at the 

 Kiel station, proved to be practically valueless as well as an 

 imposture. The most important work, however — that in con- 

 nection with experiments — was with the cattle of the station, 

 which are kept upon 2'2h acres of rented land and 1 1 acres of 

 its own. Records of the ^Vbrk conducted were kept throughout 

 the whole year, and not only were the ordinary operations of the 

 dairy recorded, but analyses were regularly taken, together with 

 the specific gravity, morning and evening. Comparative accounts 

 were carefully kept, sho\\ing the profit both in practice and by 

 analyses, of cream-raising and butter-making by each of the 

 leading systems ; as well as of the manufacture of different kinds 

 of cheese, including the Limburg, Camembert, and Holstein. 

 Taking the work of the Kiel Institute as a whole, and estimat- 

 ing its value as a medium for teaching pupils direct, and the 

 country at large, through the practical experiments which are 

 conducted, and the assistance it appears always willing to give, 

 it would be hardly possible to speak too highly in its praise. 



Saxony. 

 Saxony is very closely connected with the dairy branch of 

 agriculture, and this will be seen very closely when we state 

 that the number of cows amounts to 440,000, against a popula- 

 tion of 3,180,000, or one to every 7^ persons, whereas the pro- 

 ductive area is 2,580,000 acres, chiefly arable. The value of these 

 animals is about £12 per head; they average 794 lbs. in weight, 

 and are chiefly of the Dutch and Oldenburg breeds, the bulls 

 used being principally Algauers — a leading milking race. 



Eotha. 

 The Dairy Institution at Rotha is under the control of 

 the Agricultural Association of Leipzig, which occupies a large 

 manor and maintains 100 cows, which are taken with it. It 



