154 ANTHRAX AND ANTHRACOID DISEASES. 



saccharine solution, converting it into alcohol, CgHgO, and 

 carbonic acid, COg. 



The same may be said of the action of microbes on animal 

 fluids — that by reproducing themselves they change the nature 

 of the blood, converting it into a material unfit to maintain 

 life. 



Inoculation for the Prevention of Anthrax. 



Few investigations, marking as they do an epoch in patho- 

 logical science, have had more immediate and practical results 

 than these of Pasteur, Toussaint, Chauveau, Koch, Klebs, on 

 anthrax; of Toussaint on fowl cholera; and of Arloing, Cornevin, 

 and Thomas, on symptomatic anthrax, or black quarter. 

 The experiments of Pasteur, now very widely known, are to 

 some extent the outcome of the experiments of Dr Burden 

 Sanderson, Mr Duguid, and afterwards of Dr Greenfield, con- 

 ducted at the Brown Institution, London. In 1878 it was 

 discovered by Dr Burden Sanderson and Mr Duguid that 

 cattle might be inoculated with splenic fever from a guinea-pig, 

 and though such inoculation caused the development of serious 

 symptoms, the animals did not die ; and in continuing these 

 experiments it was found that cattle once so inoculated resisted 

 the results of further inoculation, — that, in fact, they could be 

 thus rendered insusceptible to future attacks of splenic fever. 

 Dr Greenfield, in making a series of experiments with the view 

 of obtaining a suitable virus for inoculation, found that the virus 

 modified by transmission through the guinea-pig, and cultivated 

 under particular conditions, gradually lost its activity, and at 

 last became practically inert ; and it occurred to him that, by 

 making use of this fact, a virus might be obtained so far modified 

 as to be sufficient to ensure protection, and yet not endanger the 

 life of an animal inoculated with it, and this he found could be 

 done with success. 



The priority of this discovery is therefore claimed for England, 

 but the merit of working out its details is undoubtedly clue to 

 Pasteur. 



Anthrax in the Horse. 



Anthrax in the horse rarely occurs in this country, but is 

 prevalent in India, where it is said to attack the elephant as 

 well as other animals, and is there termed " Loodiana Disease," 

 and in Africa the " Horse Sickness." 



Symptoms. — I. Without External Eruption. — The ani- 

 mal may appear dull, walking with a heavy, feeble step, 

 then fall prostrate in a state of somnolence ; if it be stand- 

 ing, the head hangs down, resting on the manger or other 

 solid body. It sometimes stands back in the stall, resting the 



