26 CERTIFICATES IN FOEESTEY. 



2. At what seasons should the seeds of the various forest trees cultivated 

 in Scotland be sown ? and how should the operation be performed ] 



3. Wliat forest trees are liable to dry rot in the growing state ? and on 

 what soil and under what circumstances does this condition usually occur 1 



4. What is the effect of pruning forest trees ? How should the operation 

 be performed, and at what season 1 



5. What evils follow the destruction of forests in a country (examples)? 

 and what principles of cultivation would you suggest to prevent sucb effects? 



{Tivo hours allowed.) 



BOTANY. 



1. What are the functions of leaves 1 Give an example of a simple and a 

 compound leaf. What is the difference between aerial and submerged leaves 1 



2. Describe botanically the parts of rye-grass seeds as sold Tiy seedsmen. 



3. Enumerate some adaptations for intercrossing and close fertilisation. 



4. What are the characters of the Order Umbelliferae ? mention the plants 

 cultivated for food, and the poisonous species found in Britain. 



5. Describe the structure of an Anther, -with its contents and the process 

 of fertilisation. What damage is produced on cereal crops by high winds ? 



{One and a half hour allowed.) 



NATUEE AND PEOPERTIES OF SOILS, DEAINAGE, 

 AND EFFECTS OF CLIMATE. 



1. Describe the following kinds of soil. 



a. Moorland. 

 h. Loam, 

 c. Marl. 



2. Explain how it is that the climate of a wet district and also that of a 

 dry district may be ameliorated by the growth of trees. 



3. What are tlie conditions favourable to the deposition of dew ? 



4. How is it tbat a fall in the mercurial barometer indicates the approach 

 of rain ? 



5. What are the chief gases frequently found in the air that are injurious 

 to the health of trees 1 IVhat ai-e the specific injuries caused l)y them ? 



6. In what circumstances are trees most liable to be injured by frost ? 



(One and a half hour allowed.) 



LAND AND TIMBER MEASURING AND SUEVEYING ; 

 MECHANICS AND CONSTEUCTION as applied to Fencing, 

 Drainage, Bridging, and Eoad-Making; IMPLEMENTS OF 

 FOEESTRY. 



1. What is required so as to be certain of the correct adjustment of a 

 spirit-level for accurate sights 1 



