282 ILLINOIS STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 



A long discussion took place at this time upon the Red Cedar and its 

 varieties, resulting in the general admission of the following points : 



There is a variety of Red Cedar, called the Tennessee Red Cedar, 

 which is not hardy in the northern part of the State. It abounds in some 

 of the southern counties of the State, and is found in sheltered positions 

 as far north as Bureau county. It comes true from seed, and hence was 

 thought by Mr. McAfee to be a species ; it has a white heart instead of 

 red, as is that of the common Red Cedar. The spray of the tender species 

 is more slender and smaller, the leaves farther apart, and the fruit is only 

 half the size of the common species. 



ORCHARDS AND VINEYARDS. 



O. B. Galusha was called upon to read a paper on Orchards and 

 Vineyards, and read as follows : 



Mr. President: In reporting upon Orchards and Vineyards, as re- 

 quested by the Secretary, I will endeavor to avoid speculative theories, and 

 confine myself mainly to such facts, and deductions made from those 

 facts, as will give promise of practical results or economic value. 



I, — apple orchards. 



The present status of orchards in Illinois is truly deplorable ; yet the 

 causes which have led to the diminished vitality of fruit trees was so 

 thoroughly discussed at the recent meeting of the State Horticultural 

 Society, that I will not dwell upon them now, only referring to them to 

 glean lessons from them. 



We have doubtless all become convinced that to have healthy and 

 productive fruit trees we must begin with the very germ or seed, using 

 only those which are from a hardy stock of progenitors ; and that every 

 step in the work of rearing the tree and cultivating it in the orchard must 

 be taken with care, that neither too much nor too little stimulation be 

 given it, so that it may be kept in a condition of moderate growth, and 

 that it shall be kept free from depredating insects. 



Having selected our seeds from the fruits of the most enduring 

 varieties, we must also select cions not only of varieties which are reputed 

 hardy, but from individual trees which are healthy ; for all history has 

 proved that in the vegetable, as well as in the animal kingdom, the dis- 

 eases of the parents are perpetuated in the offspring. 



But as I am to write of apple trees and apple orchards, I will not 

 begin generalizing so much as to include other species of trees. Let us 

 look at the past and see what there is in the history of orchard culture in 

 this State, from which we can glean practical lessons for future guidance. 

 Those of us who began twenty or thirty years ago to plant apple orchards 

 in Illinois, can hardly call up again the enthusiasm which marked every 



