CERTIFICATES IN FORESTRY. 17 



preserving timber. 8. Management of nurseries. Seed-sowing. 9. Collec- 

 tion of forest produce. 10. Manufacture of tar and charcoal. 11. Insects 

 injurious to trees — preservation of birds which prey upon them, drawing a 

 distinction between birds which are beneficial and those which are destructive 

 to trees. 



II.— ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. 



1. Nutritive Organs of Plants. — Eoot, stem, leaves. Functions of roots. 

 Various kinds of stems, with examples. Use of the stem. Structure of 

 leaves. Diti'erent kinds of leaves. Arrangement and functions of leaves. 



2. Reproductive Organs. — Flower and its parts. Arrangement of the whorls 

 of the flower — calyx, corolla, stamens, pistil. Ovule. Mature pistil or fruit. 

 Pruning and grafting. Seed. Young plant or embryo. Sprouting of the 

 seed or germination. 3. General Principles of Classification — Meaning of the 

 terms Class, Order, Genus, Species. Illustrations taken from common forest 

 trees and shrubs. Practical examination on fresh specimens and models, 

 some of the latter may be seen in the Museum at the Royal Botanic Garden, 

 which is open daily to the public free. Candidates may consult Professor 

 Balfour's " Elements of Botany," published by A. & C. Black, Edinburgh, 

 1860, price 3s. Cd. 



III.— NATURE AND PROPERTIES OF SOILS, DRAINAGE, AND 



EFFECTS OF CLIMATE. 



1. The different descriptions of soils, their classification and suitability 

 to growth of different descriptions of timber trees. 2. The composition and 

 constituents of soils. The relations between the soil and trees growing on it. 



3. The effects of drainage on soils and on climate. 4. The mode of drainage 

 for plantations. 5. The influence of temperature, rainfall, aspect, shelter, 

 and prevailing winds on tree life. 6. The methods of registering and record- 

 ing observations, and the instruments used. 



IV. — LAND AND TIMBER MEASURING AND SURVEYING; 

 MECHANICS AND CONSTRUCTION as applied to Fencing, 

 Bridging, and Road-Making : IMPLEMENTS OF FORESTRY. 



1. Thti Use of the Level and Measuring Chain. Measuring and mappings' 

 surface areas. 2. The measurement of solid bodies — as timber, stacked bark, 

 faggots, &c., earthwork. 3. The <lilferent moiles of fencing and enclosing 

 jjlantations ; their relative advantages, durability, cost of construction, ana 

 ivpairs. 4. The setting out and formation of roads for temporary or perma- 

 jient use. 5. The construction of briilges over streams and gullies; of gates 

 or other enlrunces. G. The dilferent implements and tools used in planting, 

 l)runing, felling, barking, and working uj) timber trees, or preparing them 

 for aile. Ewart's " Agricultural Assistant," Blackie & Son, Glasgow and 

 Edinburgh, Price 3s. (Jd. Stiachan's " Agricultural Tables," Oliver (jc Boyd, 

 E<linburgli, price 2.s. Gd. 



v.— BOOK-KEEPING AND ACCOUNTS. 



L Ouf^stions in Practice and Proi-oriion. 2. Book-keej)ing — descrilw 

 Looka to be kept ; give exauil'les. Talcing of stock. 



o 



