514 THE BASIDIOMYCETES 



1. Fructifications stalked 3 



3. Stalk firm and fibrous, peridium membranaceous Tulostomataceae 



3. Stalk and outer part of peridium gelatinous Calostomataceae 



LITERATURE CITED 



Fischer, E., "Gastromyceteae." In Engler and Prantl, Die natiirlicheii 



Pficnizenjainilien. la. Ill pp. Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig. 1933. 

 Lloyd, C. G., "The Tylostomeae," My col. Writings, 2 (1905-1908): 1-28, 



1906. 

 Massee, George, "A monograph of the genus Calostoma Desv. (Mitre- 



myces Nees)," Ann. Botany, 2S:45, 1888. 

 Rabinowitsch, L., "Beitrage zur Entwickelungsgeschichte der Fruchtkorper 



einiger Gastromyceten," Flora, 19: 385-418, 1894. 

 Walker, Leva B., "Development and mechanism of discharge in Sphaerob- 



olus ioivensis, n. sp., and S. stellatus Tode," /. Elisha Mitchell Set. 



Soc, 42: 151-178, 1927. 

 White, V. S., "The Tylostomaceae of North America," Bull. Torrey Botan. 



Club, 28:^ll-A¥t, 1901. 



Ly coper dales 



The Lycoperdales are usually regarded as including the Lyco- 

 perdaceae (puffballs) and Geastraceae (earthstars). The closely 

 related family, Arachniaceae, is included in this order by some 

 mycologists. These three families may be distinguished as fol- 

 lows: 



1. Peridium persistent; glebal chambers becoming transformed into a 

 powdery mass 2 



2. Peridium of 2 layers, the outer opening variously, the inner 



remaining intact Lycoperdaceae 



2. Peridium of 4 layers, the outermost separating and remaining 

 in the soil as a cup or else remaining united with the 2 middle 

 layers, which split stellately and evert to raise the spore case 

 enclosed by the inner layer Geastraceae 



1. Peridium disintegrating after maturity; glebal chambers falling 

 apart like grains of sand Arachniaceae 



The fructifications of the Lycoperdaceae form in the surface 

 of the soil, in leaf litter, or in decaying logs or stumps. Reh- 

 steiner (1892) early studied the development of Bovista nigres- 

 cens. Lander (1933) studied the development of Lycoperdon 

 geinmcLtinii; and Swartz (1932, 1935), that of Bovista pliimbea, 

 Calvatia cramijorj7iis, C. sac cat a, Lycoperdon pidcherrijmnn, L. 



