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USTILAGINALES 



The Ustilaginales, or smuts, also called brand fungi and bunts, 

 are a group of approximately 600 species of pathogenic fungi 

 that parasitize flowering plants. They are characterized bv the 

 possession of thick- walled spores (chlamydospores) that are 

 typically brown to black. Even though they are parasitic and 

 occur as destructive pathogens, especially upon cereals, many of 

 them have a saprophytic phase, and they can be grown in culture 

 on artificial media. Several workers have reported the comple- 

 tion of the life cycle in culture, although most commonly growth 

 in cultures consists of abortive hyphae and of buds that sprout in 

 yeast-Hke fashion. Sartoris (1924) obtained chlamydospores in 

 cultures, using Ustikgo hordei, U. tritici, and U. heiifien. 



The mycelium is intercellular in most species, as in the cereal 

 and other grass smuts. In U. zeae, however, the hyphae grow 

 intracellularly. In a few others, such as Entyloma nyjijphaeae, 

 Lutman (1910) demonstrated that appressorial swellings are pro- 

 duced on the intercellular mycelia from A\'hich haustoria arise. 



Importance of smuts. The smuts constitute a group of or- 

 ganisms that are of interest not only because of the enormous 

 losses among cereals which they produce but also because basic 

 knowledge regarding fungi and the control of plant-pathogenic 

 species has come from studies of smuts. When Prevost published 

 his memoir on bunt of wheat in 1807, plant diseases were re- 

 garded as of autogenous origin. All microscopic life was then 



